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Wood products treated with ACQ preservative were commercially produced in Canada for the first time in 2004. [ 4 ] [ 1 ] ACQ became a widely used wood preservative after concerns were raised about possible environmental contamination by chromium and arsenic from wood treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA), through contact (especially in ...
Posts and poles can be treated directly on endangered areas, but should be treated at least 30 cm (0.98 ft) above the future ground level. The depth obtained during regular steeping periods varies from 5 to 10 mm (0.20 to 0.39 in) up to 30 mm (1.2 in) by sap pine.
Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is a wood preservative containing compounds of chromium, copper, and arsenic, in various proportions.It is used to impregnate timber and other wood products, especially those intended for outdoor use, in order to protect them from attack by microbes and insects.
Acetylated wood is a type of modified wood that is produced through a chemical modification process. [1] It produced from a chemical reaction (named as acetylation), involving acetic anhydride and a modification process to make wood highly resistant to biological attacks by fungi and wood-boring insects and durable to environmental conditions.
Robert Bunning (13 December 1859 – 12 August 1936) was an English-born Western Australian businessman involved in the construction, timber, and sawmill industries. He co-founded with his younger brother Arthur (1863–1929) the company Bunning Bros, the predecessor to the modern-day retailer Bunnings.
A railroad tie, crosstie (American English), railway tie (Canadian English) or railway sleeper (Australian and British English) is a rectangular support for the rails in railroad tracks. Generally laid perpendicular to the rails, ties transfer loads to the track ballast and subgrade , hold the rails upright and keep them spaced to the correct ...
The official position taken by the Wikimedia Foundation is that "faithful reproductions of two-dimensional public domain works of art are public domain".This photographic reproduction is therefore also considered to be in the public domain in the United States.
A railway track (CwthE and UIC terminology) or railroad track (NAmE), also known as permanent way (CwthE) [1] or "P Way" (BrE [2] and Indian English), is the structure on a railway or railroad consisting of the rails, fasteners, sleepers (railroad ties in American English) and ballast (or slab track), plus the underlying subgrade.