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GPT-3's capacity is ten times larger than that of Microsoft's Turing NLG, the next largest NLP model known at the time. [12] Lambdalabs estimated a hypothetical cost of around $4.6 million US dollars and 355 years to train GPT-3 on a single GPU in 2020, [16] with lower actual training time by using more GPUs in parallel.
Generative pretraining (GP) was a long-established concept in machine learning applications. [16] [17] It was originally used as a form of semi-supervised learning, as the model is trained first on an unlabelled dataset (pretraining step) by learning to generate datapoints in the dataset, and then it is trained to classify a labelled dataset.
Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) is a multimodal large language model trained and created by OpenAI and the fourth in its series of GPT foundation models. [1] It was launched on March 14, 2023, [1] and made publicly available via the paid chatbot product ChatGPT Plus, via OpenAI's API, and via the free chatbot Microsoft Copilot. [2]
For example, training of the GPT-2 (i.e. a 1.5-billion-parameters model) in 2019 cost $50,000, while training of the PaLM (i.e. a 540-billion-parameters model) in 2022 cost $8 million, and Megatron-Turing NLG 530B (in 2021) cost around $11 million. [56] For Transformer-based LLM, training cost is much higher than inference cost.
GPT-4o ("o" for "omni") is a multilingual, multimodal generative pre-trained transformer developed by OpenAI and released in May 2024. [1] GPT-4o is free, but ChatGPT Plus subscribers have higher usage limits. [ 2 ]
GPT-2 was pre-trained on a dataset of 8 million web pages. [2] It was partially released in February 2019, followed by full release of the 1.5-billion-parameter model on November 5, 2019. [3] [4] [5] GPT-2 was created as a "direct scale-up" of GPT-1 [6] with a ten-fold increase in both its parameter count and the size of its training dataset. [5]
Foundation models are built by optimizing a training objective(s), which is a mathematical function that determines how model parameters are updated based on model predictions on training data. [34] Language models are often trained with a next-tokens prediction objective, which refers to the extent at which the model is able to predict the ...
The capabilities of a generative AI system depend on the modality or type of the data set used. Generative AI can be either unimodal or multimodal; unimodal systems take only one type of input, whereas multimodal systems can take more than one type of input. [59] For example, one version of OpenAI's GPT-4 accepts both text and image inputs. [60]