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Hydroxyapatite (IMA name: hydroxylapatite [5]) (Hap, HAp, or HA) is a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite with the formula Ca 5 (PO 4) 3 (OH), often written Ca 10 (PO 4) 6 (OH) 2 to denote that the crystal unit cell comprises two entities. [6] It is the hydroxyl endmember of the complex apatite group.
The human body is composed of approximately: 64% water, 20% protein, 10% fat, 1% carbohydrate, 5% minerals. [1] The decomposition of soft tissue is characterized by the breakdown of these macromolecules, and thus a large proportion of the decomposition products should reflect the amount of protein and fat content initially present in the body. [4]
Mineralization in which the calcium phosphate layer gradually transforms into crystalline hydroxyapatite, that mimics the mineral phase naturally contained with vertebrate bones. Later, it was discovered that the morphology of the gel surface layer was a key component in determining the bioactive response.
This can be done in terms of the chemical elements present, or by molecular structure e.g., water, protein, fats (or lipids), hydroxyapatite (in bones), carbohydrates (such as glycogen and glucose) and DNA. In terms of tissue type, the body may be analyzed into water, fat, connective tissue, muscle, bone, etc.
Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, usually hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite and chlorapatite, with high concentrations of OH −, F − and Cl − ion, respectively, in the crystal. The formula of the admixture of the three most common endmembers is written as Ca 10 ( PO 4 ) 6 (OH,F,Cl) 2 , and the crystal unit cell formulae of the ...
Due to the unique structure of enamel, the mechanical properties are very interesting. Enamel is the hardest material in the body and is one of the most durable load-bearing biological materials. It has been shown to have a fracture toughness three times greater than that of geological hydroxyapatite, the main mineral in enamel. [65]
Calcium hydroxyphosphate (calcium phosphate tribasic, tribasic calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, HAp) is an inorganic chemical compound that is made up of calcium, hydrogen, oxygen and phosphorus. Its formula is Ca 5 (OH)(PO 4) 3. [1] It is found in the body and as the mineral hydroxyapatite. [citation needed]
They have the advantage of being inert in the human body, and their hardness and resistance to abrasion makes them useful for bone and tooth replacement. Some ceramics also have excellent resistance to friction, making them useful as replacement materials for malfunctioning joints .