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Type 2 pneumocytes are more resistant to damage, which is important as these cells produce surfactant, transport ions and proliferate and differentiate into Type 1 cells. The damage to the endothelium and the alveolar epithelium results in the creation of an open interface between the lung and the blood, facilitating the spread of micro ...
Exposure to nitrogen dioxide causes ovulation-induced oxidative damage to the DNA of ovarian epithelium. [54] There is a growing body of literature on the pathological effects of ROS on female reproduction as evidenced by free-radical-induced birth defects, abortions, hydatidiform moles and pre-eclampsia.
Causes may include sepsis, pancreatitis, trauma, pneumonia, and aspiration. [1] The underlying mechanism involves diffuse injury to cells which form the barrier of the microscopic air sacs of the lungs, surfactant dysfunction, activation of the immune system, and dysfunction of the body's regulation of blood clotting. [5]
Smoke inhalation is the breathing in of harmful fumes (produced as by-products of combusting substances) through the respiratory tract. [1] This can cause smoke inhalation injury (subtype of acute inhalation injury) which is damage to the respiratory tract caused by chemical and/or heat exposure, as well as possible systemic toxicity after smoke inhalation.
Pulmonary toxicity is the medical name for side effects on the lungs. Although most cases of pulmonary toxicity in medicine are due to side effects of medicinal drugs, many cases can be due to side effects of radiation (radiotherapy). Other (non-medical) causes of pulmonary toxicity can be chemical compounds and airborne particulate matter.
Acute chlorine gas poisoning primarily affects the respiratory system, causing difficulty breathing, cough, irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, and sometimes skin irritation. Higher exposures can lead to severe lung damage, such as toxic pneumonitis or pulmonary edema, with concentrations around 400 ppm and beyond
The following tests help determine how severely the lungs are affected: Blood gases (measurement of how much oxygen and carbon dioxide are in your blood) CT scan of chest; Lung function studies (tests to measure breathing and how well the lungs are functioning) X-ray of the chest; Swallowing studies to check if stomach acid is the cause of ...
Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD): an acute lung condition with the presence of hyaline membranes. [2] These hyaline membranes are made up of dead cells, surfactant, and proteins. [1] The hyaline membranes deposit along the walls of the alveoli, where gas exchange typically occurs, thereby making gas exchange difficult.