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[1] [2] [3] Introduced by Gilbert N. Lewis in his 1916 article The Atom and the Molecule, a Lewis structure can be drawn for any covalently bonded molecule, as well as coordination compounds. [ 4 ] Lewis structures extend the concept of the electron dot diagram by adding lines between atoms to represent shared pairs in a chemical bond.
Lewis Structure of H 2 O indicating bond angle and bond length. Water (H 2 O) is a simple triatomic bent molecule with C 2v molecular symmetry and bond angle of 104.5° between the central oxygen atom and the hydrogen atoms.
A Lewis base, then, is any species that has a filled orbital containing an electron pair which is not involved in bonding but may form a dative bond with a Lewis acid to form a Lewis adduct. For example, NH 3 is a Lewis base, because it can donate its lone pair of electrons. Trimethylborane [(CH 3) 3 B] is a Lewis acid as it is capable of ...
Under a molecular orbital theory framework, the oxygen-oxygen bond in triplet dioxygen is better described as one full σ bond plus two π half-bonds, each half-bond accounted for by two-center three-electron (2c-3e) bonding, to give a net bond order of two (1+2× 1 / 2 ), while also accounting for the spin state (S = 1).
A classic example is when water molecules arrange around a metal ion. If the metal ion is a cation, the electronegative oxygen atom of the water molecule would be attracted electrostatically to the positive charge on the metal ion. The result is a solvation shell of water molecules that surround the ion.
The structure of sodium chloride, showing octahedral coordination around Na + and Cl − centres. This framework disintegrates when dissolved in water and reassembles when the water evaporates. Sodium compounds are of immense commercial importance, being particularly central to industries producing glass, paper, soap, and textiles. [23]
The negative charge that is left after deprotonation of the carboxyl group is delocalized between the two electronegative oxygen atoms in a resonance structure. If the R group is an electron-withdrawing group (such as –CF 3), the basicity of the carboxylate will be further weakened. [1]: 264–5
Sodium perchlorate is the precursor to ammonium, potassium and lithium perchlorate salts, often taking advantage of their low solubility in water relative to NaClO 4 (209 g/(100 mL) at 25 °C). [6] It is used for denaturating proteins in biochemistry and in standard DNA extraction and hybridization reactions in molecular biology.