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Pagenkopf et al. used a chemical equilibrium model to explain how water chemistry will control which form of a metal is present and how that was related to the metal's toxicity. [2] [4] Both of these findings helped establish that metal toxicity and availability is directly related to the free ion activity of the metal. [2]
Molybdenum disilicide (MoSi 2, or molybdenum silicide), an intermetallic compound, a silicide of molybdenum, is a refractory ceramic with primary use in heating elements. It has moderate density , melting point 2030 °C, and is electrically conductive .
The agriculture industry uses 500 tons per year as a fertilizer. In particular, its use has been suggested for treatment of whiptail in broccoli and cauliflower in molybdenum-deficient soils. [4] [5] However, care must be taken because at a level of 0.3 ppm sodium molybdate can cause copper deficiencies in animals, particularly cattle. [3]
Ethylene glycol, antifreeze, is extremely toxic to dogs. It has a sweet taste and thus dogs will drink it. As little as 2 1/2 tablespoons can kill a medium-sized dog in 2–3 days. This type of poisoning is often fatal as dog owners do not know their pet has ingested the antifreeze. De-icing fluids can also contain ethylene glycol.
Molybdenum(IV) bromide is prepared by treatment of MoCl 5 with hydrogen bromide: 2 MoCl 5 + 10 HBr → 2 MoBr 4 + 10 HCl + Br 2. The reaction proceeds via the unstable molybdenum(V) bromide, which releases bromine at room temperature. [7] MoCl 5 is a good Lewis acid toward non-oxidizable ligands. It forms an adduct with chloride to form [MoCl 6 ...
Molybdenum is an essential element in most organisms; a 2008 research paper speculated that a scarcity of molybdenum in the Earth's early oceans may have strongly influenced the evolution of eukaryotic life (which includes all plants and animals). [1] At least 50 molybdenum-containing enzymes have been identified, mostly in bacteria.
Solid forms of molybdic acid are coordination polymers. The monohydrate MoO 3 ·H 2 O consists of layers of octahedrally coordinated MoO 5 ·(H 2 O) units where 4 vertices are shared. [ 3 ] The dihydrate (image shown above) has the same layer structure with the "extra" H 2 O molecule intercalated between the layers.
Alternative veterinary medicine is the use of alternative medicine in the treatment of animals. Types alternative therapies used for veterinary treatments may include, but are not limited to, acupuncture, herbal medicine, homeopathy, ethnomedicine and chiropractic. The term includes many treatments that do not have enough evidence to support ...