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Inclusion–exclusion illustrated by a Venn diagram for three sets. Generalizing the results of these examples gives the principle of inclusion–exclusion. To find the cardinality of the union of n sets: Include the cardinalities of the sets. Exclude the cardinalities of the pairwise intersections.
In proving results in combinatorics several useful combinatorial rules or combinatorial principles are commonly recognized and used. The rule of sum, rule of product, and inclusion–exclusion principle are often used for enumerative purposes. Bijective proofs are utilized to demonstrate that two sets have the same number of elements.
Inclusion criteria may include factors such as type and stage of disease, the subject’s previous treatment history, age, sex, race, ethnicity. Exclusion criteria concern properties of the study sample, defining reasons for which patients from the target population are to be excluded from the current study sample. Typical exclusion criteria ...
Diversity themes gained momentum in the mid-1980s. At a time when President Ronald Reagan discussed dismantling equality and affirmative action laws in the 1980s, equality and affirmative action professionals employed by American firms along with equality consultants, engaged in establishing the argument that a diverse workforce should be seen as a competitive advantage rather than just as a ...
A diagnosis of exclusion or by exclusion (per exclusionem) is a diagnosis of a medical condition reached by a process of elimination, which may be necessary if presence cannot be established with complete confidence from history, examination or testing.
Moral exclusion is a psychological process where members of a group view their own group and its norms as superior to others, belittling, marginalizing, excluding, even dehumanizing targeted groups. A distinction should be drawn between active exclusion and omission.
Exclusion principle may refer to: . Exclusion principle (philosophy), epistemological principle In economics, the exclusion principle states "the owner of a private good may exclude others from use unless they pay."; it excludes those who are unwilling or unable to pay for the private good, but does not apply to public goods that are known to be indivisible: such goods need only to be ...
There are countries, Italy for example, that have a legal concept of social exclusion. In Italy, " esclusione sociale " is defined as poverty combined with social alienation, by the statute n. 328 (11-8-2000), that instituted a state investigation commission named " Commissione di indagine sull'Esclusione Sociale " (CIES) to make an annual ...