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Urolithin A is a metabolite compound resulting from the transformation of ellagitannins by the gut bacteria. [1] It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzo- coumarins or dibenzo-α- pyrones .
Chemical structure of urolithin A.. Urolithins are microflora metabolites of dietary ellagic acid derivatives, such as ellagitannins. [1] They are produced in the gut, and found in the urine in the form of urolithin B glucuronide after absorption of ellagitannins-containing foods, such as pomegranate. [2]
The Hierarchy of Occupational Exposure Limits, of which occupational exposure banding is a member. Occupational exposure banding, also known as hazard banding, is a process intended to quickly and accurately assign chemicals into specific categories (bands), each corresponding to a range of exposure concentrations designed to protect worker health.
Assignment to a toxicity class is based typically on results of acute toxicity studies such as the determination of LD 50 values in animal experiments, notably rodents, via oral, inhaled, or external application. The experimental design measures the acute death rate of an agent.
Toxic units (TU) are used in the field of toxicology to quantify the interactions of toxicants in binary mixtures of chemicals. [1] A toxic unit for a given compound is based on the concentration at which there is a 50% effect (ex. EC50) for a certain biological endpoint. One toxic unit is equal to the EC50 for a given endpoint for a specific ...
Long and co-workers also [10] conducted a meta-analysis using 1068 sediment toxicity assays to evaluate the predictive ability of the ERL/ERM, PEL (predicted effects level), and TEL (threshold effects level) sediment quality guidelines. They found that the ERL most accurately predicted no-effects toxicity in benthic organisms. Furthermore, it ...
Active secretion of (free & protein-bound) drug by transporters (e.g. anions such as urate, penicillin, glucuronide, sulfate conjugates) or cations such as choline, histamine. Filtrate 100-fold concentrated in tubules for a favorable concentration gradient so that it may be secreted by passive diffusion and passed out through the urine.
The lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL), or the lowest-observed-adverse-effect concentration (LOAEC), is the lowest concentration or amount of a substance found by experiment or observation that causes an adverse alteration of morphology, function, capacity, growth, development, or lifespan of a target organism distinguished from normal organisms of the same species under defined ...