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The usual atomic term symbols assume LS coupling (also known as Russell–Saunders coupling), in which the atom's total spin quantum number S and the total orbital angular momentum quantum number L are "good quantum numbers". (Russell–Saunders coupling is named after Henry Norris Russell and Frederick Albert Saunders, who described it in 1925 ...
The order of the first few terms are listed as follows: 1s, 1p 3 / 2 , 1p 1 / 2 , 1d 5 / 2 , 2s, 1d 3 / 2 ... For further clarification on the notation refer to the article on the Russell–Saunders term symbol.
As an example, consider the ground state of silicon. The electron configuration of Si is 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 2 (see spectroscopic notation ). We need to consider only the outer 3p 2 electrons, for which it can be shown (see term symbols ) that the possible terms allowed by the Pauli exclusion principle are 1 D , 3 P , and 1 S .
This notation is used to specify electron configurations and to create the term symbol for the electron states in a multi-electron atom. When writing a term symbol, the above scheme for a single electron's orbital quantum number is applied to the total orbital angular momentum associated to an electron state. [4]
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Term symbols are used to represent the states and spectral transitions of atoms, they are found from coupling of angular momenta mentioned above. When the state of an atom has been specified with a term symbol, the allowed transitions can be found through selection rules by considering which transitions would conserve angular momentum.
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The Green Book is a direct successor of the Manual of Symbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quantities and Units, originally prepared for publication on behalf of IUPAC's Physical Chemistry Division by M. L. McGlashen in 1969. A full history of the Green Book's various editions is provided in the historical introduction to the third edition.