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Airway basal cells are found deep in the respiratory epithelium, attached to, and lining the basement membrane. [1]Basal cells are the stem cells or progenitors of the airway epithelium and can differentiate to replenish all of the epithelial cells including the ciliated cells, and secretory goblet cells.
The cells in the respiratory epithelium are of five main types: a) ciliated cells, b) goblet cells, c) brush cells, d) airway basal cells, and e) small granule cells (NDES) [6] Goblet cells become increasingly fewer further down the respiratory tree until they are absent in the terminal bronchioles; club cells take over their role to some extent here. [7]
In the respiratory tract, basal cells function as multipotent stem cells, capable of replenishing all of the epithelial cell types including secretory, ciliated, and intermediate cells. They reside in the mucosal layer of the respiratory epithelium , and generally remain dormant.
The resulting immune functions of these non-hematopoietic, structural cells contribute to the mammalian immune system ("structural immunity"). [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Relevant aspects of the epithelial cell response to infections are encoded in the epigenome of these cells, which enables a rapid response to immunological challenges.
The sustentacular cells function as metabolic and physical support for the olfactory epithelium. Microvillar cells are another class of supporting cells that are morphologically and biochemically distinct from the sustentacular cells, and arise from a basal cell population that expresses the c-KIT cell surface protein. [6]
White boarded her scheduled Delta flight in Dallas, and as she anxiously awaited takeoff, the pilot notified the passengers of a delay because of technical issues.
The respiratory tract is lined by respiratory epithelium or respiratory mucosa, with hair-like projections called cilia that beat rhythmically and carry mucus. This mucociliary clearance is an important defence system against air-borne infection. [ 34 ]
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