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These are strong but flexible springs inserted into a pipe to support the pipe walls during manual bending. They have diameters only slightly less than the internal diameter of the pipe to be bent. They are only suitable for bending 15-and-22 mm (0.6-and-0.9 in) soft copper pipe (typically used in household plumbing) or PVC pipe.
In a Swagelok tube connector, tightening the connector's nut with a wrench swages part of the connector permanently to the tubing. Once swaged on, the connection can be unmated and remated. Pipe flaring machines are another example. Flared pieces of pipe are sometimes known as "swage nipples", "pipe swages", or "reducing nipples".
The tool used to flare tubing consists of a die that grips the tube, and either a mandrel or rolling cone is forced into the end of the tube to form the flare by cold working. The most common flare fitting standards in use today are the 45° SAE flare [ 2 ] [ 3 ] ,the 37° JIC flare, and the 37° AN flare.
Fred A. Lennon and Cullen B. Crawford founded Crawford Fitting Company in Cleveland, Ohio, in July 1947 to manufacture the Swagelok tube fitting, which used a two-ferrule design to “swage” or form the tube and lock it into place. One year later, Lennon bought out Crawford and continued to grow the business.
Bend test coupons for welding procedure qualification. A Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) is a formal document describing welding procedures. It is an internal document used by welding companies to instruct welders (or welding operators) on how to achieve quality production welds that meet all relevant code requirements.
Bend radius, which is measured to the inside curvature, is the minimum radius one can bend a pipe, tube, sheet, cable or hose without kinking it, damaging it, or shortening its life. The smaller the bend radius, the greater the material flexibility (as the radius of curvature decreases , the curvature increases ).
Soft (or ductile) copper tubing can be bent easily to travel around obstacles in the path of the tubing. While the work hardening of the drawing process used to size the tubing makes the copper hard or rigid, it is carefully annealed to make it soft again; it is, therefore, more expensive to produce than non-annealed, rigid copper tubing.
A press brake bending a sheet of steel. A press brake is a type of brake, a machine used for bending sheet metal and metal plate. [1] It forms predetermined bends by clamping the workpiece between a matching top tool and bottom die. [2] Bending process A high-tonnage hydraulic press brake Liwei CNC 2000T 12M Heavy Duty model