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A caliphate (Arabic: خِلَافَةْ, romanized: khilāfah) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph [1] [2] [3] (/ ˈ k æ l ɪ f, ˈ k eɪ-/; خَلِيفَةْ khalīfa [xæ'liːfæh], pronunciation ⓘ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim ...
A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. [1] [2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.
The Rashidun Caliphate (Arabic: ٱلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلرَّاشِدَةُ, romanized: al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) consisted of the first four successive caliphs (lit. 'successors') — Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali — who led the Muslim community/polity from the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 632, to the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate in 661.
The Arab conquest of Egypt, led by the army of Amr ibn al-As, took place between 639 and 642 AD and was overseen by the Rashidun Caliphate. [1] It ended the seven-century-long Roman period in Egypt that had begun in 30 BC and, more broadly, the Greco-Roman period that had lasted about a millennium.
Last Abbasid caliph of Later Abbasid Era; End of the Abbasid dynasty. Al-Musta'sim was the last known recognised Muslim caliph. His death marked the complete end of the Caliphate as a political and religious entity in the Middle East. Executed after the Mongol sack of Baghdad, he ruled for a period of 15 years 2 months and 15 days.
The Islamicist Laura Veccia Vaglieri (d. 1989) describes Ali as deeply devoted to the cause of Islam, [1] and her view is echoed by some others. [2] [3] The brief caliphate of Ali was thus characterized by his strict justice, as suggested by some authors, including Reza Shah-Kazemi, [4] Wilferd Madelung, [3] Moojan Momen, [2] Mahmoud M. Ayoub (d.
The Moorish Caliphate of Córdoba falls. 1031 – The Moorish Caliphate of Córdoba falls. Hisham III, the last of the Umayyad Caliphs disappears into obscurity. 1033 – The Taifa (independent Moorish kingdom) of Mértola becomes independent. 1034 – The Leonese destroy a raiding force under Ismail ibn Abbad of Seville. Ismail ibn Abbad flees ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 5 January 2025. Expansion of the Islamic state (622–750) For later military territorial expansion of Islamic states, see Spread of Islam. Early Muslim conquests Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 Expansion under the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661 Expansion under the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750 Date ...