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  2. History of cities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cities

    Excavations at early urban sites show that some cities were sparsely populated political capitals, others were trade centers, and still other cities had a primarily religious focus. Some cities had large dense populations, whereas others carried out urban activities in the realms of politics or religion without having large associated populations.

  3. Indus Valley Civilisation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation

    The cities of the ancient Indus had "social hierarchies, their writing system, their large planned cities and their long-distance trade [which] mark them to archaeologists as a full-fledged 'civilisation.'" [60] The mature phase of the Harappan civilisation lasted from c. 2600 –1900 BCE. With the inclusion of the predecessor and successor ...

  4. Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation_of_the_Indus...

    The earliest evidence of urban sanitation was seen in Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, and the recently discovered Rakhigarhi. This urban plan included the world's first urban sanitation systems. Within the city, individual homes or groups of homes obtained water from wells. Devices such as shadoofs and sakias were used to lift water to ground level.

  5. History of urban planning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_urban_planning

    In the early 1900s, as cars were introduced to city streets for the first time, residents became increasingly concerned with the number of pedestrians being injured by car traffic. The response, seen first in Radburn, New Jersey , was the Neighbourhood Unit-style development, which oriented houses toward a common public path instead of the street.

  6. History of India - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India

    Early "republics" or gaṇasaṅgha, [94] such as Shakyas, Koliyas, Mallakas, and Licchavis had republican governments. Gaṇasaṅgha s, [94] such as the Mallakas, centered in the city of Kusinagara, and the Vajjika League, centred in the city of Vaishali, existed as early as the 6th century BCE and persisted in some areas until the 4th ...

  7. Cradle of civilization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization

    The earliest proto-urban settlements with several thousand inhabitants emerged in the Neolithic which began in Western Asia in 10,000 BC. The first cities to house several tens of thousands were Uruk, Ur, Kish and Eridu in Mesopotamia, followed by Susa in Elam and Memphis in Egypt, all by the 31st century BC (see Historical urban community sizes).

  8. List of oldest continuously inhabited cities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest...

    It is one of the oldest major cities of the United States. Boston was a key city in the early American Revolution against the British Empire, eventually becoming the first city free of British rule in the United States. Boston is still one of the wealthiest and most important cities in the United States. St. John's: Newfoundland Canada: c. 1630 AD

  9. Urban history - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_history

    Only a handful of studies attempt a global history of cities, notably Lewis Mumford, The City in History (1961). [5] Representative comparative studies include Leonardo Benevolo, The European City (1993); Christopher R. Friedrichs, The Early Modern City, 1450-1750 (1995), and James L. McClain, John M. Merriman, and Ugawa Kaoru. eds. Edo and Paris (1994) (Edo was the old name for Tokyo).