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Ammonia boils at −33.34 °C (−28.012 °F) at a pressure of one atmosphere, but the liquid can often be handled in the laboratory without external cooling. Household ammonia or ammonium hydroxide is a solution of ammonia in water.
In aqueous solution, ammonia deprotonates a small fraction of the water to give ammonium and hydroxide according to the following equilibrium: . NH 3 + H 2 O ⇌ NH + 4 + OH −.. In a 1 M ammonia solution, about 0.42% of the ammonia is converted to ammonium, equivalent to pH = 11.63 because [NH +
Before the start of World War I, most ammonia was obtained by the dry distillation of nitrogenous vegetable and animal products; by the reduction of nitrous acid and nitrites with hydrogen; and also by the decomposition of ammonium salts by alkaline hydroxides or by quicklime, the salt most generally used being the chloride (sal-ammoniac).
Ammonolysis can be used to synthesize nitrides (and oxynitrides) by reacting various metal precursors with ammonia, some options include chemical vapor deposition, [3] treating metals or metal oxides with ammonia gas, [15] or liquid supercritical ammonia (also known as "ammonothermal" synthesis, analogous to hydrothermal synthesis).
Table data (above) obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. The (s) notation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid. Otherwise temperature is equilibrium of vapor over liquid. log 10 of anydrous ammonia vapor pressure. Uses formula shown below.
The Ostwald process begins with burning ammonia.Ammonia burns in oxygen at temperature about 900 °C (1,650 °F) and pressure up to 8 standard atmospheres (810 kPa) [4] in the presence of a catalyst such as platinum gauze, alloyed with 10% rhodium to increase its strength and nitric oxide yield, platinum metal on fused silica wool, copper or nickel to form nitric oxide (nitrogen(II) oxide) and ...
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Ethylamine can be prepared by several other routes, but these are not economical. Ethylene and ammonia combine to give ethylamine in the presence of a sodium amide or related basic catalysts. [5] H 2 C=CH 2 + NH 3 → CH 3 CH 2 NH 2. Hydrogenation of acetonitrile, acetamide, and nitroethane affords ethylamine.