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Bolden (1980), held that racially discriminatory laws violated the Fourteenth or Fifteenth Amendments only if the laws were enacted or maintained for a discriminatory purpose; thus, showing that a law simply had a discriminatory effect was insufficient to state a constitutional claim of discrimination. The Court further held that Section 2 ...
South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383 U.S. 301 (1966), was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court that rejected a challenge from the state of South Carolina to the preclearance provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which required that some states submit changes in election districts to the Attorney General of the United States (at the time, Nicholas Katzenbach). [1]
The Democratic National Committee asserted a set of Arizona election laws and policies were discriminatory towards Hispanics and Native Americans under section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. While lower courts upheld the election laws, an en banc Ninth Circuit reversed the decision and found these laws to be in violation of section 2 of ...
The Fifteenth Amendment was the last of three Reconstruction Amendments. The first two were ratified in 1865 and 1868, respectively. ... It was not until the federally passed Voting Rights Act of ...
Four of the fifteen post-Civil War constitutional amendments were ratified to extend voting rights to different groups of citizens. These extensions state that voting rights cannot be denied or abridged based on the following: "Race, color, or previous condition of servitude" (Fifteenth Amendment, 1870) Sex (Nineteenth Amendment, 1920)
Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. [53] All were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white Democratic-dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period. [54] The laws were enforced until 1965. [55]
In 2022, Kentuckians rejected both amendments put on the ballot: Amendment 1, which would have let the legislature have greater control of its schedule; and Amendment 2, a proposal to make ...
Since 1999, only about 20 proposed amendments have received a vote by either the full House or Senate. The last time a proposal gained the necessary two-thirds support in both the House and the Senate for submission to the states was the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment in 1978. Only 16 states had ratified it when the seven-year ...