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Unlevered free cash flow (i.e., cash flows before interest payments) is defined as EBITDA − CAPEX − changes in net working capital − taxes. This is the generally accepted definition. If there are mandatory repayments of debt, then some analysts utilize levered free cash flow, which is the same formula above, but less interest and ...
NI is the firm's net income; D&A is the depreciation and amortisation; b is the debt ratio; Capex is the capital expenditure; ΔWC is the change in working capital; Net Borrowing is the difference between debt principals paid and raised; In this case, it is important not to include interest expense, as this is already figured into net income. [4]
Capital expenditures are the funds used to acquire or upgrade a company's fixed assets, such as expenditures towards property, plant, or equipment (PP&E). [3] In the case when a capital expenditure constitutes a major financial decision for a company, the expenditure must be formalized at an annual shareholders meeting or a special meeting of the Board of Directors.
Capital Cost (asset price) = Net Operating Income / Capitalization Rate For example, in valuing the projected sale price of an apartment building that produced a net operating income of $10,000 last year, if we set a projected capitalization rate at 7%, then the asset value (or the price paid to own it) is $142,857 ( = $10,000 / .07
Therefore, to obtain a measure of the total net capital formation, a system of grossing and netting of capital flows is required. Without this, double counting would occur. Capital expenditure must be distinguished from intermediate expenditure and other operating expenditure, but the boundaries are sometimes difficult to draw.
The NPV method can be slightly adjusted to calculate how much money is contributed to a project's investment per dollar invested. This is known as the capital efficiency ratio. The formula for the net present value per dollar investment (NPVI) is given below:
Gross capital formation in % of gross domestic product in world economy. Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) is a component of the expenditure on gross domestic product (GDP) that indicates how much of the new value added in an economy is invested rather than consumed.
The capital charge is the cash flow required to compensate investors for the riskiness of the business given the amount of economic capital invested. The cost of capital is the minimum rate of return on capital required to compensate investors (debt and equity) for bearing risk, their opportunity cost.