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  2. Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Transverse...

    The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) is a map projection system for assigning coordinates to locations on the surface of the Earth. Like the traditional method of latitude and longitude, it is a horizontal position representation, which means it ignores altitude and treats the earth surface as a perfect ellipsoid. However, it differs from ...

  3. Geographic coordinate conversion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate...

    A coordinate system conversion is a conversion from one coordinate system to another, with both coordinate systems based on the same geodetic datum. Common conversion tasks include conversion between geodetic and earth-centered, earth-fixed coordinates and conversion from one type of map projection to another.

  4. Web Mercator projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Mercator_projection

    The standard style for OpenStreetMap, like most Web maps, uses the Web Mercator projection. Web Mercator, Google Web Mercator, Spherical Mercator, WGS 84 Web Mercator [1] or WGS 84/Pseudo-Mercator is a variant of the Mercator map projection and is the de facto standard for Web mapping applications. It rose to prominence when Google Maps adopted ...

  5. Geographical distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_distance

    Geographical distance or geodetic distance is the distance measured along the surface of the Earth, or the shortest arch length. The formulae in this article calculate distances between points which are defined by geographical coordinates in terms of latitude and longitude. This distance is an element in solving the second (inverse) geodetic ...

  6. Vincenty's formulae - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenty's_formulae

    Vincenty's formulae are two related iterative methods used in geodesy to calculate the distance between two points on the surface of a spheroid, developed by Thaddeus Vincenty (1975a). They are based on the assumption that the figure of the Earth is an oblate spheroid, and hence are more accurate than methods that assume a spherical Earth, such ...

  7. Mercator projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercator_projection

    (The distance AB along the parallel is (a cos φ) λ. The length of the chord AB is 2(a cos φ) sin ⁠ λ / 2 ⁠. This chord subtends an angle at the centre equal to 2arcsin(cos φ sin ⁠ λ / 2 ⁠) and the great circle distance between A and B is 2a arcsin(cos φ sin ⁠ λ / 2 ⁠).) In the extreme case where the longitudinal separation ...

  8. Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-centered,_Earth...

    The Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system (acronym ECEF), also known as the geocentric coordinate system, is a cartesian spatial reference system that represents locations in the vicinity of the Earth (including its surface, interior, atmosphere, and surrounding outer space) as X, Y, and Z measurements from its center of mass.

  9. List of unusual units of measurement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unusual_units_of...

    The siriometer is an obsolete astronomical measure equal to one million astronomical units, i.e., one million times the average distance between the Sun and Earth. [13] This distance is equal to about 15.8 light-years, 149.6 Pm, or 4.8 parsecs, and is about twice the distance from Earth to the star Sirius. [14]

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