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Angioedema is an area of swelling of the lower layer of skin and tissue just under the skin or mucous membranes. [1] [3] The swelling may occur in the face, tongue, larynx, abdomen, or arms and legs. [1] Often it is associated with hives, which are swelling within the upper skin. [1] [3] Onset is typically over minutes to hours. [1]
However, it is thought that this disease prevalence could be higher due to diagnostic oversight and the shared symptoms of acquired angioedema with similar diseases. [5] This disease tends to affect males and females equally. [4] Additionally, individuals with acquired angioedema usually develop symptoms in their fourth decade of life or older. [4]
Normal C1 inhibitor level hereditary angioedema is thought to involve various mutations that increased bradykinin activity and cause a decreased threshold for activation of the plasma contact system thus leading to the symptoms of angioedema. [7] Hereditary angioedema with normal C1-inhibitor is a genetically heterogeneous disorder.
[1] [2] Lower legs and heels may also be involved, however the distal parts of feet and toes are usually spared. Patients may also experience high-graded fever, pitting edema and hypotension. The clinical presentation usually resembles cellulitis, however bilateral involvement is a differentiating feature.
The disease mechanism (pathophysiology) of RS3PE remains unknown. One study suggested a possible role for vascular endothelial growth factor. [13] A study using magnetic resonance imaging found that tenosynovitis of the extensors of the hands and feet is the major contributor to edema. [14]
In healthcare, a differential diagnosis (DDx) is a method of analysis that distinguishes a particular disease or condition from others that present with similar clinical features. [1] Differential diagnostic procedures are used by clinicians to diagnose the specific disease in a patient , or, at least, to consider any imminently life ...
Podoconiosis causes bilateral yet asymmetrical leg swelling with overlying firm nodules. Early on, symptoms may include itching, tingling, widening of the forefoot, and swelling which then progress to soft edema, skin fibrosis, papillomatosis, and nodule formation resembling moss, giving rise to the disease's alternate name of "mossy foot" in some regions of the world. [3]
The symptoms of TACO can include shortness of breath , low blood oxygen levels , leg swelling (peripheral edema), high blood pressure (hypertension), and a high heart rate (tachycardia). [ 3 ] It can occur due to a rapid transfusion of a large volume of blood but can also occur during a single red blood cell transfusion (about 15% of cases). [ 2 ]
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