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Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), also called premature ovarian insufficiency and premature ovarian failure, is the partial or total loss of reproductive and hormonal function of the ovaries before age 40 because of follicular (egg producing area) dysfunction or early loss of eggs.
In 2015 a research was done on the role of autoimmunity in premature ovarian failure. [11] In 2014 there was an ovarian autoimmune disease research that revealed at least two mechanisms that protect the ovary from an autoimmune attack. [12] Research showed that Theca cells were targeting the autoimmune deficiency within the ovary.
Fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) is the most common genetic cause of premature ovarian failure in women with a normal karyotype 46,XX. [1] The expansion of a CGG repeat in the 5' untranslated region of the FMR1 gene from the normal range of 5-45 repeats to the premutation range of 55-199 CGGs leads to risk of FXPOI for ovary-bearing individuals. [2]
Primary ovarian insufficiency (premature menopause) due to varying causes, such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a spontaneous manifestation, can also lead to low estrogen and infertility. [17] Hypogonadism (a condition where the gonads – testes for men and ovaries for women – have diminished activity) can decrease estrogen. [18]
Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), also known as primary or peripheral/gonadal hypogonadism or primary gonadal failure, is a condition which is characterized by hypogonadism which is due to an impaired response of the gonads to the gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), and in turn a lack of sex steroid production. [1]
Treatment should be based on diagnosis of anovulation. Treatment varies based on the 4 most common causes of anovulation: polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HA), primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), and hyperprolactinemia. [10]
Recent research suggests that premature ovarian aging and premature ovarian failure (aka primary ovarian insufficiency) may represent a continuum of premature ovarian senescence. [1] It is usually accompanied by high FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) levels. Quality of the eggs may also be impaired.
Estrogen is also essential in as bone growth and development, so for adolescents with primary ovarian insufficiency, they may have lower levels of bone mineral density. [47] Cardiovascular disease risk affects both morbidity and mortality—estrogen plays regulatory roles in lipid metabolism, endothelial function , insulin resistance, and ...