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Possible sanxian (left) and pipa, from a 762-827 A.D. painting in the Mogao caves near Dunhuang―Grotto 46 Left interior wall, second panel. Also called cave 112. It has been suggested that sanxian, a form of spike lute, may have its origin in the Middle East, and older forms of spike lute were also found in ancient Egypt. [1]
In Okinawa of Japan known as sanshin, in China as sanxian, in traditional Mongolian Shudraga and Vietnam known as đàn tam. Yatug-a zithers - a plucked zither which is used in two sizes nowadays: (Master Yatug-a) (Mongolian: ᠶᠠᠲᠤᠭ ᠠ) - usually equipped with 21 strings, sometimes 23 strings.
Liuqin – small plucked, fretted lute with a pear-shaped body and four and five strings; Ruan (Chinese: 阮; pinyin: ruǎn) – moon-shaped lute in five sizes: gaoyin-, xiao-, zhong-, da-, and diyin-; sometimes called ruanqin (阮琴) Yueqin – plucked lute with a wooden body, a short fretted neck, and four strings tuned in pairs
The sanxian family of instruments is very large, with different variants used in different tribes in China. The orchestra often uses dasanxian (da, lit. large) has a soundbox covered on both sides with python skin. Its sound is forceful, penetrating and articulated; in fact, a single sanxian can be clearly heard even in a 70-member orchestra.
Unlike most Naxi music, dongjing uses Chinese titles, Chinese instruments, heterophonic sizhu style, and Chinese gongche notation.Often, the orchestra will include the wooden fish (muyu), the pipa, sugudu, and sanxian lutes, the reed pipe, and the guqin and guzheng zithers.
Sanxian – plucked lute with three strings, the small "southern" type is used, tuned to D3, A3, D4. Qinqin – plucked lute, tuned to D3, A3, (optional 3rd string is tuned to D3) Guban – Wooden clapper and small drum (biqigu, diangu, or huaigu) Several other instruments sometimes are also used:
The other four, known as the téng-sì-kóan or four higher instruments, are the four-stringed lute (gî-pê, or pipa 琵琶in Mandarin), a three-stringed, fretless, snakeskin-headed long-necked lute that is the ancestor of the Japanese shamisen, called the sam-hiân, (sanxian三弦 in Mandarin), the vertical flute, (siau (簫), also called ...
The ruan (Chinese: 阮; pinyin: ruǎn) is a traditional Chinese plucked string instrument.It is a lute with a fretted neck, a circular body, and four strings. Its four strings were formerly made of silk but since the 20th century they have been made of steel (flatwound for the lower strings).