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Rust fungi grow intracellularly, and make spore-producing fruiting bodies within or, more often, on the surfaces of affected plant parts. [3] Some rust species form perennial systemic infections that may cause plant deformities such as growth retardation, witch's broom, stem canker, galls, or hypertrophy of affected plant parts.
The Twin Cylinder Engine – This engine was introduced in 1977 as a means of competing with Briggs & Stratton's rivals, particularly Japanese firms like Honda who were cutting into traditional Briggs & Stratton markets by producing lawn mower engines (and later, complete lawn mowers). These first models were rated 16 hp (11.9 kW) and displaced ...
The color of the urediniospore can range from a golden to a yellow-orange, and are egg or pear shaped. [4] The uredospores are responsible for the spread of the rust to new leaf tissue. Uredospores are subglobose to ovoid or pyriform, echinulate, and measure 25.74 to 37.18 x 17.16 to 27.17 μm, with thickened walls apical walls (1.3 to 1.6 μm ...
Rust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture.Rust consists of hydrous iron(III) oxides (Fe 2 O 3 ·nH 2 O) and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), Fe(OH) 3), and is typically associated with the corrosion of refined iron.
The process of pit nucleation is initiated by the depassivation of the protective oxide layer isolating the metal substrate from the aggressive solution. The depassivation of the protective oxide layer is the less properly understood step in pitting corrosion and its very local and random appearance probably its most enigmatic characteristic.
Gray leaf spot, known as Pyricularia grisea, is an ascomycete fungus that is known only by its anamorph form. The teleomorph phase (perfect sexual phase) has not been observed in turf but is predicted to use perithecium as the ascocarp structure to form ascospores.
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Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae is a plant pathogen that causes cedar-apple rust. [1] In virtually any location where apples or crabapples ( Malus ) and eastern red cedar ( Juniperus virginiana ) coexist, cedar apple rust can be a destructive or disfiguring disease on both the apples and cedars.