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  2. Zipf's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipf's_law

    Zipf's law (/ z ɪ f /; German pronunciation:) is an empirical law stating that when a list of measured values is sorted in decreasing order, the value of the n-th entry is often approximately inversely proportional to n. The best known instance of Zipf's law applies to the frequency table of words in a text or corpus of natural language:

  3. Document-term matrix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document-term_matrix

    They are useful in the field of natural language processing and computational text analysis. [2] While the value of the cells is commonly the raw count of a given term, there are various schemes for weighting the raw counts such as row normalizing (i.e. relative frequency/proportions) and tf-idf.

  4. Letter frequency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency

    The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...

  5. Word list - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_list

    It includes the F.F.1 list with 1,500 high-frequency words, completed by a later F.F.2 list with 1,700 mid-frequency words, and the most used syntax rules. [11] It is claimed that 70 grammatical words constitute 50% of the communicatives sentence, [12] [13] while 3,680 words make about 95~98% of coverage. [14] A list of 3,000 frequent words is ...

  6. Frequency (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_(statistics)

    Each entry in the table contains the frequency or count of the occurrences of values within a particular group or interval, and in this way, the table summarizes the distribution of values in the sample. This is an example of a univariate (=single variable) frequency table. The frequency of each response to a survey question is depicted.

  7. Ranking (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranking_(statistics)

    In statistics, ranking is the data transformation in which numerical or ordinal values are replaced by their rank when the data are sorted.. For example, if the numerical data 3.4, 5.1, 2.6, 7.3 are observed, the ranks of these data items would be 2, 3, 1 and 4 respectively.

  8. List of human cell types - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_cell_types

    The Human Cell Atlas project, which started in 2016, had as one of its goals to "catalog all cell types (for example, immune cells or brain cells) and sub-types in the human body". [13] By 2018, the Human Cell Atlas description based the project on the assumption that "our characterization of the hundreds of types and subtypes of cells in the ...

  9. Rank–size distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank–size_distribution

    Rank–size distribution is the distribution of size by rank, in decreasing order of size. For example, if a data set consists of items of sizes 5, 100, 5, and 8, the rank-size distribution is 100, 8, 5, 5 (ranks 1 through 4). This is also known as the rank–frequency distribution, when the source data are from a frequency distribution. These ...