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Spina bifida (SB; /ˌspaɪnə ˈbɪfɪdə/, [9] Latin for 'split spine') [10] is a birth defect in which there is incomplete closing of the spine and the membranes around the spinal cord during early development in pregnancy. [1] There are three main types: spina bifida occulta, meningocele and myelomeningocele. [1]
Spina bifida occulta means hidden split spine. [20] In this type of neural tube defect, the meninges do not herniate through the opening in the spinal canal. [19] The most frequently seen form of spina bifida occulta is when parts of the bones of the spine, called the spinous process, and the neural arch appear abnormal on a radiogram, without ...
Congenital heart defects, hydronephrosis, omphalocele and meningocele (spina bifida) are also common. Cystic hygromas occur but are uncommon. [citation needed] Triploid fetuses have intrauterine growth restriction beginning early in the pregnancy, as early as 12 weeks, and does not affect the head as severely as the body.
The 66A>G polymorphism is up-regulated in neural tube defects and increases the risk of spina bifida by two-fold. [38] Homozygosis for this mutation is an established maternal risk factor for spina bifida especially with low intracellular vitamin B12 [ 39 ] in the circulation or amniotic fluid. [ 13 ]
Because the neural tube gives rise to the brain and spinal cord any mutations at this stage in development can lead to fatal deformities like anencephaly or lifelong disabilities like spina bifida. During this time, the walls of the neural tube contain neural stem cells, which drive brain growth as they divide many times.
[1] While only around 10 percent of adults have a spinal abnormality due to genetics, a sixth lumbar vertebra is one of the more common abnormalities. [ 2 ] Sacralization of the L5 vertebra is seen at the lower right of the image.
Iniencephaly is a rare type of cephalic disorder [1] [2] characterised by three common characteristics: a defect to the occipital bone, spina bifida of the cervical vertebrae and retroflexion (backward bending) of the head on the cervical spine. [3]
1: One and half year old male child of Jarcho–Levin syndrome with spina bifida and diastematomyelia (type I split cord malformation) 13: Dizostozis ES et al. 2013: 1: 2-year-old female, with double nipples on the right side and type I split cord malformation and tethered cord 14: Anjankar SD et al. 2014: 1