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Formally, a carbanion is the conjugate base of a carbon acid: R 3 CH + B − → R 3 C − + HB. where B stands for the base. The carbanions formed from deprotonation of alkanes (at an sp 3 carbon), alkenes (at an sp 2 carbon), arenes (at an sp 2 carbon), and alkynes (at an sp carbon) are known as alkyl, alkenyl , aryl, and alkynyl anions ...
Carbon on Earth naturally occurs in two stable isotopes, with 98.9% in the form of 12 C and 1.1% in 13 C. [1] [8] The ratio between these isotopes varies in biological organisms due to metabolic processes that selectively use one carbon isotope over the other, or "fractionate" carbon through kinetic or thermodynamic effects. [1]
In general bonds of carbon with other elements are covalent bonds. Carbon is tetravalent but carbon free radicals and carbenes occur as short-lived intermediates. Ions of carbon are carbocations and carbanions are also short-lived. An important carbon property is catenation as the ability to form long carbon chains and rings. [3]
Carbon-carbon brake discs and brake pads have been the standard component of the brake systems of Formula One racing cars since the late 1970s; the first year carbon brakes were seen on a Formula One car was 1976. Carbon–carbon is well-suited to structural applications at high temperatures, or where thermal shock resistance and/or a low ...
A primary carbon has one carbon neighbor. A secondary carbon has two carbon neighbors. A tertiary carbon has three carbon neighbors. A quaternary carbon has four carbon neighbors. In "structurally complex organic molecules", it is the three-dimensional orientation of the carbon–carbon bonds at quaternary loci which dictates the shape of the ...
All other C-C bond lengths are normal (ca. 1.5 Å). [1] In chemistry, a carbonium ion is a cation that has a pentacoordinated carbon atom. [2] They are a type of carbocation. In older literature, the name "carbonium ion" was used for what is today called carbenium. Carbonium ions charge is delocalized in three-center, two-electron bonds. The ...
Each hydrogen added to a molecule can be considered as a proton plus a one-electron reduction of the redox state, while each oxygen counts as a two-electron oxidation. Thus a net addition of H 2 O is a simple hydration with no net change in redox state and frequently occurs reversibly in aqueous solution.
Biological carbon fixation, or сarbon assimilation, is the process by which living organisms convert inorganic carbon (particularly carbon dioxide, CO 2) to organic compounds. These organic compounds are then used to store energy and as structures for other biomolecules .
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