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Unlike other parts of the body, tooth surfaces are uniquely hard and non shedding. Therefore, the warm and moist environment of the mouth and the presence of teeth, makes a good environment for growth and development of dental plaque. [13] The main ecological factors that contribute to plaque formation are pH, saliva, temperature and redox ...
The non specific plaque hypothesis was introduced in the 1930s. Studies conducted were unable to identify a specific organism responsible for the formation of periodontal disease, and therefore was unable to support the specific plaque hypothesis. This new theory stated that all bacteria flora in plaque had a role in periodontal destruction ...
Dental calculus typically forms in incremental layers [17] that are easily visible using both electron microscopy and light microscopy. [9] These layers form during periodic calcification events of the dental plaque, [18] but the timing and triggers of these events are not well understood. The formation of calculus varies widely among ...
By preventing the dental plaque biofilm from maturing or by returning it back to a non-cariogenic state, dental caries can be prevented and arrested. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] This can be achieved through the behavioral step of reducing the supply of fermentable carbohydrates (i.e. sugar intake) and frequent removal of the biofilm (i.e., toothbrushing ).
It is, therefore, important to manage plaque levels by appropriate oral hygiene measures. The importance of using interdental brushes along with standard or electric toothbrushing should be stressed early on. Early detection of high plaque levels at routine dental visits are found to be beneficial to avoid progression of the pocket formation. [9]
The purpose of oral hygiene is to remove and prevent the formation of plaque or dental biofilm, [103] although studies have shown this effect on caries is limited. [104] While there is no evidence that flossing prevents tooth decay, [ 105 ] the practice is still generally recommended.
Fragments of bacteria from salivary calculi were reported to be Streptococci species which are part of the normal oral microbiota and are present in dental plaque. [2] Stone formation occurs most commonly in the submandibular gland for several reasons.
Amelogenesis is the formation of enamel on teeth and begins when the crown is forming during the advanced bell stage of tooth development after dentinogenesis forms a first layer of dentin. Dentin must be present for enamel to be formed. Ameloblasts must also be present for dentinogenesis to continue.
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