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  2. Newton's theorem of revolving orbits - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_theorem_of...

    All three planets (red, blue and green) are at the same distance r from the center of force C. It is required to make a body move in a curve that revolves about the center of force in the same manner as another body in the same curve at rest. [42] Newton's derivation of Proposition 43 depends on his Proposition 2, derived earlier in the ...

  3. Orbital mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_mechanics

    Without applying force (such as firing a rocket engine), the period and shape of the satellite's orbit will not change. A satellite in a low orbit (or a low part of an elliptical orbit) moves more quickly with respect to the surface of the planet than a satellite in a higher orbit (or a high part of an elliptical orbit), due to the stronger ...

  4. Earth's rotation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_rotation

    Earth's rotation imaged by Deep Space Climate Observatory, showing tilt. Earth's rotation or Earth's spin is the rotation of planet Earth around its own axis, as well as changes in the orientation of the rotation axis in space. Earth rotates eastward, in prograde motion.

  5. Celestial mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_mechanics

    Astronomy of the Earth's Motion in Space, high-school level educational web site by David P. Stern; Newtonian Dynamics Undergraduate level course by Richard Fitzpatrick. This includes Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Dynamics and applications to celestial mechanics, gravitational potential theory, the 3-body problem and Lunar motion (an example of ...

  6. Kepler's laws of planetary motion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler's_laws_of_planetary...

    Newton defined the force acting on a planet to be the product of its mass and the acceleration (see Newton's laws of motion). So: Every planet is attracted towards the Sun. The force acting on a planet is directly proportional to the mass of the planet and is inversely proportional to the square of its distance from the Sun.

  7. Astronomical nutation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_nutation

    Astronomical nutation is a phenomenon which causes the orientation of the axis of rotation of a spinning astronomical object to vary over time. It is caused by the gravitational forces of other nearby bodies acting upon the spinning object.

  8. Orbit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit

    An animation showing a low eccentricity orbit (near-circle, in red), and a high eccentricity orbit (ellipse, in purple). In celestial mechanics, an orbit (also known as orbital revolution) is the curved trajectory of an object [1] such as the trajectory of a planet around a star, or of a natural satellite around a planet, or of an artificial satellite around an object or position in space such ...

  9. Retrograde and prograde motion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion

    All eight planets in the Solar System orbit the Sun in the direction of the Sun's rotation, which is counterclockwise when viewed from above the Sun's north pole. Six of the planets also rotate about their axis in this same direction. The exceptions – the planets with retrograde rotation – are Venus and Uranus.