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  2. Hierarchy of precious substances - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_of_precious...

    Wedding anniversaries extend the jubilee hierarchy with various sequences of substances filling in many of the gaps between the same major milestones. In 2017 the 65th anniversary of the accession of Elizabeth II was widely referred to as her "sapphire jubilee" or more specifically as her blue sapphire jubilee (see Sapphire Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II) [1] but more traditionally the sapphire ...

  3. Cardinal gem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_gem

    The five cardinal gems. Clockwise from top: sapphire, ruby, emerald, amethyst, diamond. Cardinal gems are gemstones which have traditionally been considered precious above all others. The classification of the cardinal gems dates back to antiquity, and was largely determined by ceremonial or religious use as well as rarity. [1]

  4. Asterism (gemology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterism_(gemology)

    The archetypal asteria is the star sapphire, generally corundum with near uniform impurities which is bluish-grey and milky or opalescent, which when lit has a star of six rays. In the red instance stellate reflection is rarer; the star-ruby occasionally found with the star-sapphire in Sri Lanka is among the

  5. List of sapphires by size - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sapphires_by_size

    Because of the remarkable hardness of sapphires – 9 on the Mohs scale (the third hardest mineral, after diamond at 10 and moissanite at 9.5) – sapphires are also used in some non-ornamental applications, such as infrared optical components, high-durability windows, wristwatch crystals and movement bearings, and very thin electronic wafers ...

  6. Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewels_of_Diana,_Princess...

    It consisted of a Burmese sapphire and diamond pendant suspended on a baguette diamond tennis necklace (which also later suspended 'The Prince of Wales feathers diamond pendant'), matching earrings, matching ring, a two-row bracelet of brilliant-cut diamonds with a similar version of the sapphire pendant and a watch with the face set in the ...

  7. Sapphire - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire

    Two types exist. The first features the chromium chromophore that creates the red color of ruby, combined with the iron + titanium chromophore that produces the blue color in sapphire. A rarer type, which comes from the Mogok area of Myanmar, features a vanadium chromophore, the same as is present in Verneuil synthetic color-change sapphire.

  8. Yogo sapphire - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogo_sapphire

    "Yogo sapphire" is the preferred term for gems found in the Yogo Gulch, whereas "Montana sapphire" generally refers to gems found in other Montana locations. [18] More gem-quality sapphires are produced in Montana than anywhere else in North America. [18] Montana sapphires come in a variety of colors, though rubies are rare. [16] [18] [23]

  9. Ruby - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby

    Ruby is one of the traditional cardinal gems, alongside amethyst, sapphire, emerald, and diamond. [3] The word ruby comes from ruber, Latin for red. The color of a ruby is due to the element chromium. Some gemstones that are popularly or historically called rubies, such as the Black Prince's Ruby in the British Imperial State Crown, are ...

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