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The graph shows the variation of the scale factors for the above three examples. The top plot shows the isotropic Mercator scale function: the scale on the parallel is the same as the scale on the meridian. The other plots show the meridian scale factor for the Equirectangular projection (h=1) and for the Lambert equal area projection.
Maps that highlight one subject area, primarily for species distributions. Locator maps: a country (red) in its region and in the world (corner map). Multi-area: ranges of animals species, languages. /Gradient maps: Areas colored to show a numerical statistic: Population density, per-capita income /Historical maps (en) Historical maps. Complex ...
In the future, a good way to follow should be to start a methodical project, based on the German Location map initiative, working continent after continent and country after country, to provide a complete set of SVG topographic maps, respecting these topographic conventions. To learn. Several tutorials are now available, on wiki-en, wiki-fr ...
μ – scale factor, which is unitless; if it is given in ppm, it must be divided by 1,000,000 and added to 1. R – rotation matrix. Consists of three axes (small [clarification needed] rotations around each of the three coordinate axes) r x, r y, r z. The rotation matrix is an orthogonal matrix. The angles are given in either degrees or radians.
This implies that the vertical scale factor, h, equals the horizontal scale factor, k. Since k = sec φ, so must h. The graph shows the variation of this scale factor with latitude. Some numerical values are listed below. at latitude 30° the scale factor is k = sec 30° = 1.15, at latitude 45° the scale factor is k = sec 45° = 1.41,
The vertical exaggeration is given by: = where VS is the vertical scale and HS is the horizontal scale, both given as representative fractions.. For example, if 1 centimetre (0.39 in) vertically represents 200 metres (660 ft) and 1 centimetre (0.39 in) horizontally represents 4,000 metres (13,000 ft), the vertical exaggeration, 20×, is given by:
In each zone the scale factor of the central meridian reduces the diameter of the transverse cylinder to produce a secant projection with two standard lines, or lines of true scale, about 180 km on each side of, and about parallel to, the central meridian (Arc cos 0.9996 = 1.62° at the Equator). The scale is less than 1 inside the standard ...
Such a scaling changes the diameter of an object by a factor between the scale factors, the area by a factor between the smallest and the largest product of two scale factors, and the volume by the product of all three. The scaling is uniform if and only if the scaling factors are equal (v x = v y = v z). If all except one of the scale factors ...