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Low back pain or lumbago is a common disorder involving the muscles, nerves, and bones of the back, in between the lower edge of the ribs and the lower fold of the buttocks. Pain can vary from a dull constant ache to a sudden sharp feeling. [ 4 ]
Waddell's signs are a group of physical signs, first described in a 1980 article in Spine, and named for the article's principal author, Professor Gordon Waddell (1943–2017), a Scottish Orthopedic Surgeon. [1] [2] Waddell's signs may indicate non-organic or psychological component to chronic low back pain.
It has been well documented that fear does cause a decrease in pain response, [6] however much like the exercise induced hypoalgesia, the exact mechanisms of action are not well understood. Studies have shown that opioids are definitely involved in the process, yet opiates alone do not completely explain the analgesic response.
It was established in 1985 and covers research on all aspects of pain management. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 2.893, ranking it 13th out of 29 journals in the category "Anesthesiology" [1] and 82nd out of 191 journals in the category "Clinical Neurology". [2]
The European Journal of Pain is the official journal of the European Pain Federation. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 3.188. [1] The journal particularly welcomes clinical trials, which are published on an occasional basis. Regular sections in the journal are: Editorials and Commentaries
Spinal manipulation appears to provide similar effects to other recommended treatments for chronic low back pain. [57] There is no evidence it is more effective than other therapies or sham, or as an adjunct to other treatments, for acute low back pain [58] "Back school" is an intervention that consists of both education and physical exercises.
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The journal was established in 1992 as the APS Journal and was renamed Pain Forum in 1995 before obtaining its current name in 2000, with volume numbering restarting at 1. In December 2019, following the bankruptcy of the American Pain Society, the newly formed United States Association for the Study of Pain purchased the journal.