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The inferior belly is narrow and flat band. [1] It arises from the superior border of scapula (near the scapular notch). It sometimes also arises from the superior transverse scapular ligament. [1] It is directed anteriorly and somewhat superiorly from its origin, extending across the inferior portion of the neck.
It attaches to the scapula and the humerus and is one of the seven scapulohumeral muscles. It is a thick but somewhat flattened muscle. The teres major muscle (from Latin teres, meaning "rounded") is positioned above the latissimus dorsi muscle and assists in the extension and medial rotation of the humerus.
Spine of scapula: Middle of lateral surface of shaft of humerus Latissimus dorsi: Iliac crest, lumbar fascia, spines of lower six thoracic vertebrae, lower 3–4 ribs, inferior angle of scapula: Floor of bicipital groove of humerus Teres major: Lateral border of scapula: Medial lip of bicipital groove of humerus Abduction (160°–180°)
The infraspinatus is the main external rotator of the shoulder. When the arm is fixed, it adducts the inferior angle of the scapula. Its synergists are teres minor and the deltoid. [4] The infraspinatus and teres minor rotate the head of the humerus outward (external, or lateral, rotation); they also assist in carrying the arm backward. [1]
Active exercises include the Pendulum exercise, which is used to strengthen the Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, and Subscapularis. [9] External rotation of the shoulder with the arm at a 90-degree angle is an additional exercise done to increase control and range of motion of the Infraspinatus and Teres minor muscles.
Scapular line: A vertical line passing through the inferior angle of the scapula. Paravertebral line: A vertical line corresponding to the tips of the transverse processes of the vertebrae. Posterior median line; Other anatomical lines include:
Exercises that strengthen the back muscles include rows, pull-ups, and shoulder blade squeezes. Exercises like doorway stretches for the chest can help stretch out tension that contributes to rounded shoulders. Synergistically implementing muscle strengthening and stretching can effectively prevent the development of rounded shoulders. [47] [48]
This angle is formed by the junction of the superior and medial borders of the scapula. The superior angle is located at the approximate level of the second thoracic vertebra. The superior angle of the scapula is thin, smooth, rounded, and inclined somewhat lateralward, and gives attachment to a few fibers of the levator scapulae muscle. [5]