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Instead, institutional development is endogenous and spontaneously ordered and institutional persistence can be explained by their credibility, [40] which is provided by the function that particular institutions serve. Political scientists have traditionally studied the causes and consequences of formal institutional design. [41]
In sociology and organizational studies, institutional theory is a theory on the deeper and more resilient aspects of social structure. It considers the processes by which structures, including schemes, rules, norms, and routines, become established as authoritative guidelines for social behavior. [ 1 ]
Institutional economics focuses on understanding the role of the evolutionary process and the role of institutions in shaping economic behavior. Its original focus lay in Thorstein Veblen 's instinct-oriented dichotomy between technology on the one side and the "ceremonial" sphere of society on the other.
New institutional economics, an economic school that analyzes social norms, organizational arrangements etc. Historical institutionalism , a social science method of inquiry that uses institutions as subject of study in order to find, measure and trace patterns and sequences of social, political, economic behavior and change across time and space
New institutional economics (NIE) is an economic perspective that attempts to extend economics by focusing on the institutions (that is to say the social and legal norms and rules) that underlie economic activity and with analysis beyond earlier institutional economics and neoclassical economics.
Institutional cruelty is a model developed by Philip Hallie, who believes ethics are rooted in passion and common sense rather than in technical science.. Hallie defines "institutional cruelty" as a persistent pattern of humiliation that endures for years in a community, but the victimizer and the victim find ways to downplay the harm that is being done.
Institutional model theory analyzes and generalizes classical model-theoretic notions and results, like elementary diagrams; elementary embeddings; ultraproducts, Los' theorem; saturated models; axiomatizability; varieties, Birkhoff axiomatizability; Craig interpolation; Robinson consistency; Beth definability; Gödel's completeness theorem
The ruling class uses repressive state apparatuses (RSA) to dominate the working class.The basic, social function of the RSA (government, courts, police and armed forces, etc.) is timely intervention within politics in favour of the interests of the ruling class, by repressing the subordinate social classes as required, using either violent or nonviolent coercive means.