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  2. Alcohol oxidation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_oxidation

    Alcohol oxidation is a collection of oxidation reactions in organic chemistry that convert alcohols to aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. The reaction mainly applies to primary and secondary alcohols. Secondary alcohols form ketones, while primary alcohols form aldehydes or carboxylic acids. [1] A variety of oxidants can be used.

  3. Carbonyl reduction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl_reduction

    In organic chemistry, carbonyl reduction is the conversion of any carbonyl group, usually to an alcohol. It is a common transformation that is practiced in many ways. [ 1 ] Ketones , aldehydes , carboxylic acids , esters , amides , and acid halides - some of the most pervasive functional groups , -comprise carbonyl compounds.

  4. Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioconversion_of_biomass...

    The first one consists on thermally converting calcium carboxylate salts into the corresponding ketones. This was a common method for making acetone from calcium acetate during World War I. [6] The other method for making ketones consists on converting the vaporized carboxylic acids on a catalytic bed of zirconium oxide. [7]

  5. Enantioselective reduction of ketones - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantioselective_reduction...

    Enantioselective ketone reductions convert prochiral ketones into chiral, non-racemic alcohols and are used heavily for the synthesis of stereodefined alcohols. [ 1 ] Carbonyl reduction, the net addition of H 2 across a carbon-oxygen double bond, is an important way to prepare alcohols.

  6. Wolff–Kishner reduction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolff–Kishner_reduction

    The Wolff–Kishner reduction is a reaction used in organic chemistry to convert carbonyl functionalities into methylene groups. [1] [2] In the context of complex molecule synthesis, it is most frequently employed to remove a carbonyl group after it has served its synthetic purpose of activating an intermediate in a preceding step.

  7. Corey–Itsuno reduction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey–Itsuno_reduction

    The Corey–Itsuno reduction, also known as the Corey–Bakshi–Shibata (CBS) reduction, is a chemical reaction in which a prochiral ketone is enantioselectively reduced to produce the corresponding chiral, non-racemic alcohol.

  8. Antoine equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_equation

    (760 mmHg = 101.325 kPa = 1.000 atm = normal pressure) This example shows a severe problem caused by using two different sets of coefficients. The described vapor pressure is not continuous—at the normal boiling point the two sets give different results. This causes severe problems for computational techniques which rely on a continuous vapor ...

  9. Azeotrope tables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeotrope_tables

    This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture.