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A myxoma is a rare benign tumor of the heart. Myxomata are the most common primary cardiac tumor in adults, and are most commonly found within the left atrium near the valve of the fossa ovalis. Myxoma may also develop in the other heart chambers. [1] The tumor is derived from multipotent mesenchymal cells. [1]
Although other types of cells, such as gastrointestinal epithelial cells, can proliferate and differentiate throughout life, [2] cardiac tissue contains little intrinsic ability to proliferate, as adult human cells arrest in the cell cycle. [3] However, a recent paradigm shift has occurred.
Myxoma is a rare, benign stromal tumor of mesenchymal origin often confused with other conjunctival stromal tumors. Conjunctival myxomas are thought to originate in Tenon's capsule and can masquerade as conjunctival lymphoma, lymphangioma, ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN), or amelanotic melanoma.
Malignant tumors of the heart include rhabdomyosarcomas, angiosarcomas, myxosarcomas, fibrosarcomas, leiomyosarcomas, reticulum cell sarcomas, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, and liposarcomas. Angiosarcoma is the most common primary cardiac malignancy. [4] It tends to occur in the right atrium and involve the pericardium.
NAME refers to nevi, atrial myxoma, myxoid neurofibromas, and ephelides. [1] Testicular cancer, particularly Sertoli cell type, is associated with Carney syndrome. [7] Thyroid and pancreas cancer may also occur. [8] [9] Although J Aidan Carney also described Carney's triad it is entirely different. [10]
Intercalated discs are complex structures that connect adjacent cardiac muscle cells. The three types of cell junction recognised as making up an intercalated disc are desmosomes, fascia adherens junctions, and gap junctions. [2] Fascia adherens are anchoring sites for actin, and connect to the closest sarcomere. [3]
The cells, which are long and thin, are widely dispersed, and the adjacent extracellular matrix is populated by a few reticular fibrils, but is devoid of the other types of collagen fibrils. [13] [14] These distinctive morphological features of mesenchymal stem cells can be visualized label-free using live cell imaging.
Cardiac physiology or heart function is the study of healthy, unimpaired function of the heart: involving blood flow; myocardium structure; the electrical conduction system of the heart; the cardiac cycle and cardiac output and how these interact and depend on one another.