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In Siegbahn notation, when an electron falls from the L shell to the K shell, the X-ray radiation emitted is called a K-alpha (Kα) emission. Similarly, when an electron falls from the M shell to the K shell, the X-ray radiation emitted is called a K-beta (Kβ) emission. [3]
The use of the letters K and L to denote X-rays originates in a 1911 paper by Charles Glover Barkla, titled The Spectra of the Fluorescent Röntgen Radiations [1] ("Röntgen radiation" is an archaic name for "X-rays"). By 1913, Henry Moseley had clearly differentiated two types of X-ray lines for each element, naming them α and β. [2]
X-ray sources are classified by the type of material and orbital used to generate them. For example, Cu Kα X-rays are emitted from the K orbital of copper. X-ray absorption is reported as which orbital absorbed the x-ray photon. In EXAFS and XMCD the L-edge or the L absorption edge is the point where the L orbital begins to absorb x-rays.
A list of experimentally found and theoretically calculated X-ray transition energies is available at NIST. [8] Nowadays, theoretical energies are computed with much greater accuracy than Moseley's law allows, using modern computational models such as the Dirac–Fock method (the Hartree–Fock method with the relativistic effects accounted for).
Electron capture is sometimes included as a type of beta decay, [1] because the basic nuclear process, mediated by the weak force, is the same. In nuclear physics , beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta ray (fast energetic electron or positron) and a neutrino are emitted from an atomic nucleus.
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The K-alpha X-rays emitted by the manganese-55 after the electron capture have been used as a laboratory source of X-rays in various X-ray scattering techniques.The advantages of the emitted X-rays are that they are monochromatic and are continuously produced over a years-long period. [3]