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This acetate, bound to the active thiol group of coenzyme A, enters the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) where it is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide. This pathway thus allows cells to obtain energy from fat. To use acetate from fat for biosynthesis of carbohydrates, the glyoxylate cycle, whose initial reactions are identical to the TCA cycle, is ...
The crystal structure of the glyoxylate reductase enzyme from the hyperthermophilic archeon Pyrococcus horiskoshii OT3 has been reported. [1] The enzyme exists in the dimeric form. Each monomer has two domains : a substrate- binding domain where glyoxylate binds, and a nucleotide-binding domain where the NAD(P)H cofactor binds.
Glyoxylic acid is one of several ketone- and aldehyde-containing carboxylic acids that together are abundant in secondary organic aerosols. In the presence of water and sunlight, glyoxylic acid can undergo photochemical oxidation. Several different reaction pathways can ensue, leading to various other carboxylic acid and aldehyde products. [31]
The Hopkins-Cole reaction, also known as the glyoxylic acid reaction, is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of tryptophan in proteins. [1] A protein solution is mixed with Hopkins Cole reagent, which consists of glyoxylic acid. Concentrated sulfuric acid is slowly added to form two layers. A purple ring appears between the two ...
Reactive aldehydes can also form Michael adducts or Schiff bases with thiol or amine groups in amino acid side chains. Thus, they are able to inactivate sensitive proteins through electrophilic stress. [11] The toxicity of lipid hydroperoxides to animals is best illustrated by the lethal phenotype of glutathione peroxidase 4 knockout mice ...
Later studies proposed that the reaction involves a condensation process, where glyoxylic acid combines with the indole group of tryptophan to form a complex quinonoid structure. This process explains the strong color change observed in the test and has been key to understanding tryptophan's chemical properties and its function in proteins.
In the process, one molecule of O 2 is consumed and the glycine residue is removed from the peptide and converted to glyoxylic acid. [5] The enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of many signaling peptides and some fatty acid amides. [6] In humans, the enzyme is encoded by the PAM gene.
Structure of a bile acid (cholic acid), represented in the standard form, a semi-realistic 3D form, and a diagrammatic 3D form Diagrammatic illustration of mixed micelles formed in the duodenum in the presence of bile acids (e.g. cholic acid) and the digestion products of fats, the fat soluble vitamins and cholesterol.