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Bradycardia, also called bradyarrhythmia, is a resting heart rate under 60 beats per minute (BPM). [1] While bradycardia can result from various pathologic processes, it is commonly a physiologic response to cardiovascular conditioning or due to asymptomatic type 1 atrioventricular block.
Bradycardia, on the other hand, occurs when your heart rate falls below 60 bpm. Conditions including obstructive sleep apnea and chemical imbalances in the blood can cause bradycardia.
Severely high hypernatremia may lead to fibrillation, which may cause cardiac output to cease. Severe hyponatremia leads to both bradycardia and other arrhythmias. Hypokalemia (low potassium levels) also leads to arrhythmias, whereas hyperkalemia (high potassium levels) causes the heart to become weak and flaccid, and ultimately to fail. [16]
Arrhythmias, also known as cardiac arrhythmias, are irregularities in the heartbeat, including when it is too fast or too slow. [2] A resting heart rate that is too fast – above 100 beats per minute in adults – is called tachycardia, and a resting heart rate that is too slow – below 60 beats per minute – is called bradycardia. [2]
Rhythm strip of sinus bradycardia at 50 bpm. Sinus bradycardia is commonly seen in normal healthy persons and athletes in the absence of pathophysiological diseases or conditions. [1] Different factors or etiologies could lead to the dysfunction of the sinus node, causing a malformation or prolongation of the impulse.
Over time, the body will increase both the chamber size of the left ventricle, and the muscle mass and wall thickness of the heart. [ 8 ] Cardiac output , the amount of blood that leaves the heart in a given time period (i.e. liters per minute), is proportional to both the chamber sizes of the heart and the rate at which the heart beats.
It can have many potential causes, including genetics, lifestyle habits, and underlying health issues. Some types of cardiovascular disease, such as some cardiomyopathies, develop due to factors ...
Major factors influencing cardiac output – heart rate and stroke volume, both of which are variable. [1]In cardiac physiology, cardiac output (CO), also known as heart output and often denoted by the symbols , ˙, or ˙, [2] is the volumetric flow rate of the heart's pumping output: that is, the volume of blood being pumped by a single ventricle of the heart, per unit time (usually measured ...
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