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The electric dipole moment is a measure of the separation of positive and negative electrical charges within a system: that is, a measure of the system's overall polarity. The SI unit for electric dipole moment is the coulomb-metre (C⋅m). The debye (D) is another unit of measurement used in atomic physics and chemistry.
Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal nĚ‚, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
It follows that the dipole-dipole interaction goes as the inverse fourth power of the distance. Suppose m 1 and m 2 are two magnetic dipole moments that are far enough apart that they can be treated as point dipoles in calculating their interaction energy. The potential energy H of the interaction is then given by:
The electron's electric dipole moment (EDM) must be collinear with the direction of the electron's magnetic moment (spin). [1] Within the Standard Model, such a dipole is predicted to be non-zero but very small, at most 10 −38 e⋅cm, [2] where e stands for the elementary charge.
A similar parameter exists to relate the magnitude of the induced dipole moment p of an individual molecule to the local electric field E that induced the dipole. This parameter is the molecular polarizability ( α ), and the dipole moment resulting from the local electric field E local is given by: p = ε 0 α E local {\displaystyle \mathbf {p ...
The size of the induced dipole moment is equal to the product of the strength of the external field and the dipole polarizability of ρ. Dipole moment values can be obtained from measurement of the dielectric constant. Some typical gas phase values given with the unit debye are: [7] carbon dioxide: 0; carbon monoxide: 0.112 D; ozone: 0.53 D
When the transition involves more than one charged particle, the transition dipole moment is defined in an analogous way to an electric dipole moment: The sum of the positions, weighted by charge. If the i th particle has charge q i and position operator r i , then the transition dipole moment is: ( t.d.m. a → b ) = ψ b | ( q 1 r 1 + q 2 r 2 ...
Maxwell's equations on a plaque on his statue in Edinburgh. Maxwell's equations, or Maxwell–Heaviside equations, are a set of coupled partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, classical optics, electric and magnetic circuits.