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The temperature of liquid nitrogen can readily be reduced to its freezing point −210 °C (−346 °F; 63 K) by placing it in a vacuum chamber pumped by a vacuum pump. [2] Liquid nitrogen's efficiency as a coolant is limited by the fact that it boils immediately on contact with a warmer object, enveloping the object in an insulating layer of ...
Temperatures between approximately −78 °C and −17 °C can be maintained by placing coolant into a mixture of ethylene glycol and ethanol, [1] while mixtures of methanol and water span the −128 °C to 0 °C temperature range. [2] [3] Dry ice sublimes at −78 °C, while liquid nitrogen is used for colder baths.
A Assuming an altitude of 194 metres above mean sea level (the worldwide median altitude of human habitation), an indoor temperature of 23 °C, a dewpoint of 9 °C (40.85% relative humidity), and 760 mmHg sea level–corrected barometric pressure (molar water vapor content = 1.16%).
Liquid N 2: Ethyl Acetate-84 Liquid N 2: n-Butanol-89 Liquid N 2: Hexane-94 Liquid N 2: Acetone-94 Liquid N 2: Toluene-95 Liquid N 2: Methanol-98 Liquid N 2: Cyclohexene-104 Liquid N 2: Isooctane-107 Liquid N 2: Ethyl iodide-109 Liquid N 2: Carbon disulfide-110 Liquid N 2: Butyl bromide-112 Liquid N 2: Ethanol-116 Liquid N 2: Ethyl bromide-119 ...
Values are given in terms of temperature necessary to reach the specified pressure. Valid results within the quoted ranges from most equations are included in the table for comparison. A conversion factor is included into the original first coefficients of the equations to provide the pressure in pascals (CR2: 5.006, SMI: -0.875).
A phase diagram in physical chemistry, engineering, mineralogy, and materials science is a type of chart used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases (such as solid, liquid or gaseous states) occur and coexist at equilibrium.
Nitrogen is a liquid under −195.8 °C (77.3 K).. In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.. The 13th International Institute of Refrigeration's (IIR) International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington, DC in 1971) endorsed a universal definition of "cryogenics" and "cryogenic" by accepting a threshold of 120 K (−153 °C) to ...
Because the liquid-to-gas expansion ratio of nitrogen is 1:694 at 20 °C, a tremendous amount of force can be generated if liquid nitrogen is rapidly vaporised in an enclosed space. In an incident on January 12, 2006, at Texas A&M University , the pressure-relief devices of a tank of liquid nitrogen were malfunctioning and later sealed.