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American Indian boarding schools, were established in the United States during the 19th and lasted through the mid-20th centuries with the primary objective of assimilating Native Americans into the dominant White American culture. The effect of these schools has been described as forced assimilation against Native peoples.
Native Americans experience historical trauma through the effects of colonization such as wars and battles with the U.S. military, assimilation, forced removal, and genocide. Outside of war and purposeful genocide, a senior lecturer on Native American literature and culture Dr. Carrie Sheffield maintains other causes are equally traumatic.
Native Americans in the United States are defined by citizenship, culture, and familial relationships, not race. [120] [121] Having never defined Native American identity as racial, [120] historically, Native Americans have commonly practiced what mainstream society defines as interracial marriage, which has affected racial ideas of blood ...
Some already had a class hierarchy based on "white blood", in part because Native Americans of mixed race sometimes had stronger networks with traders for goods they wanted. [15] Among some bands, Native Americans of mixed white blood stood at the top, pure Native Americans next, and people of African descent were at the bottom. [15]
The United States has a racially and ethnically diverse population. [1] At the federal level, race and ethnicity have been categorized separately. The most recent United States census recognized five racial categories (White, Black, Native American/Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander), as well as people who belong to two or more of the racial categories.
Real Indians: Identity and the Survival of Native America is a 2003 book by Cherokee sociologist Eva Marie Garroutte. [1] It was published in University of California Press . [ 1 ] It explores the complexities of Native American identity through legal, biological, and cultural lenses, revealing the challenges Indigenous people face in proving ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 3 March 2025. Indigenous peoples of the United States This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (October 2024) Ethnic group Native Americans ...
Some tribes have a blood quantum requirement for citizenship. Others use other methods, such as lineal descent.While almost two-thirds of all federally recognized Indian tribes in the United States require a certain blood quantum for citizenship, [15] tribal nations are sovereign nations, with a government to government relationship with the United States, and set their own enrollment criteria.