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Coin flipping, coin tossing, or heads or tails is the practice of throwing a coin in the air and checking which side is showing when it lands, in order to randomly choose between two alternatives. It is a form of sortition which inherently has two possible outcomes.
An example of a retrospective gambler's fallacy would be to observe multiple successive "heads" on a coin toss and conclude from this that the previously unknown flip was "tails". [3] Real world examples of retrospective gambler's fallacy have been argued to exist in events such as the origin of the Universe .
Player A selects a sequence of heads and tails (of length 3 or larger), and shows this sequence to player B. Player B then selects another sequence of heads and tails of the same length. Subsequently, a fair coin is tossed until either player A's or player B's sequence appears as a consecutive subsequence of the coin toss outcomes. The player ...
Matching pennies is a non-cooperative game studied in game theory.It is played between two players, Even and Odd. Each player has a penny and must secretly turn the penny to heads or tails.
After each flip of the coin the loser transfers one penny to the winner. The game ends when one player has all the pennies. If there are no other limitations on the number of flips, the probability that the game will eventually end this way is 1. (One way to see this is as follows. Any given finite string of heads and tails will eventually be ...
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In quantum cryptography, weak coin flipping (WCF) is defined to be a coin flipping problem where each player knows the preference of the other. [14] It follows that the players have opposite preferences. If this were not the case then the problem will be pointless as the players can simply choose the outcome they desire.
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