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The bicarbonate buffer system is an acid-base homeostatic mechanism involving the balance of carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3), bicarbonate ion (HCO − 3 ), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in order to maintain pH in the blood and duodenum , among other tissues, to support proper metabolic function. [ 1 ]
The decreased bicarbonate that distinguishes metabolic acidosis is therefore due to two separate processes: the buffer (from water and carbon dioxide) and additional renal generation. The buffer reactions are: H + + HCO 3 − ↽ − − ⇀ H 2 CO 3 ↽ − − ⇀ CO 2 + H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {H+ + HCO3- <=> H2CO3 <=> CO2 + H2O}}}
The bicarbonate ion (hydrogencarbonate ion) is an anion with the empirical formula HCO − 3 and a molecular mass of 61.01 daltons; it consists of one central carbon atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement, with a hydrogen atom attached to one of the oxygens.
Chloride shift (also known as the Hamburger phenomenon or lineas phenomenon, named after Hartog Jakob Hamburger) is a process which occurs in a cardiovascular system and refers to the exchange of bicarbonate (HCO 3 −) and chloride (Cl −) across the membrane of red blood cells (RBCs).
These buffers include the bicarbonate buffer system, the phosphate buffer system, and the protein buffer system. [7] Respiratory component: The second line of defense is rapid consisting of the control the carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3) concentration in the ECF by changing the rate and depth of breathing by hyperventilation or hypoventilation.
“The baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) actually draws dirt, moisture, and odors out of the fabric surface and the materials beneath (wool, cotton, and latex),” he says.
The renal compensation process usually takes a few days to complete as it is dependent upon changes in the reabsorption of bicarbonate. [4] End-staged renal diseases as well as chronic kidney diseases increase the overall risk of individuals developing pneumonia due to the interactions between the kidneys and the lungs. [ 3 ]
Levothyroxine is a frequently prescribed drug in the United States, particularly for older people, as lower thyroid function can be associated with aging. Questions remain over how appropriately ...