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2. Water softening - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softening

   Conventional water-softening appliances intended for household use depend on an ion-exchange resin in which "hardness ions"—mainly Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ —are exchanged for sodium ions. [6] As described by NSF/ANSI Standard 44 , [ 7 ] ion-exchange devices reduce the hardness by replacing magnesium and calcium (Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ ) with sodium or ...

3. Ion exchange - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchange

   Ion exchange is widely used in the food and beverage industry, hydrometallurgy, metals finishing, chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical technology, sugar and sweetener production, ground- and potable-water treatment, nuclear, softening, industrial water treatment, semiconductor, power, and many other industries.

4. Dealkalization of water - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealkalization_of_water

   Like water softeners, dealkalizers contain ion-exchange resins that are regenerated with a concentrated salt solution - NaCl. In the case of a water softener, the cation exchange resin is exchanging sodium (the Na + ion of NaCl) for hardness minerals such as calcium and magnesium. A dealkalizer contains strong base anion exchange resin that ...

5. Ion-exchange resin - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion-exchange_resin

   Ion-exchange resin beads. An ion-exchange resin or ion-exchange polymer is a resin or polymer that acts as a medium for ion exchange, that is also known as an ionex. [1] It is an insoluble matrix (or support structure) normally in the form of small (0.25–1.43 mm radius) microbeads, usually white or yellowish, fabricated from an organic polymer substrate.

6. Zeolite - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeolite

   Zeolites are widely used as ion-exchange beds in domestic and commercial water purification, softening, and other applications. Evidence for the oldest known zeolite water purification filtration system occurs in the undisturbed sediments of the Corriental reservoir at the Maya city of Tikal, in northern Guatemala. [26]

7. Hard water - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_water

   A common method for water softening involves the use of ion-exchange resins, which replace ions like Ca 2+ by twice the number of mono cations such as sodium or potassium ions. Washing soda (sodium carbonate, Na 2 CO 3) is easily obtained and has long been used as a water softener for domestic laundry, in conjunction with the usual soap or ...