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Elementary particles are particles with no measurable internal structure; that is, it is unknown whether they are composed of other particles. [1] They are the fundamental objects of quantum field theory. Many families and sub-families of elementary particles exist. Elementary particles are classified according to their spin.
All observable subatomic particles have their electric charge an integer multiple of the elementary charge. The Standard Model's quarks have "non-integer" electric charges, namely, multiple of 1 / 3 e , but quarks (and other combinations with non-integer electric charge) cannot be isolated due to color confinement .
Accelerons are the hypothetical subatomic particles that integrally link the newfound mass of the neutrino to the dark energy conjectured to be accelerating the expansion of the universe. [18] In this theory, neutrinos are influenced by a new force resulting from their interactions with accelerons, leading to dark energy.
A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol p, H +, or 1 H + with a positive electric charge of +1 e (elementary charge).Its mass is slightly less than the mass of a neutron and approximately 1836 times the mass of an electron (the proton-to-electron mass ratio).
It is weak and short-range, due to the fact that the weak mediating particles, W and Z bosons, have mass. W bosons have electric charge and mediate interactions that change the particle type (referred to as flavor) and charge. Interactions mediated by W bosons are charged current interactions. Z bosons are neutral and mediate neutral current ...
Electrons have an electric charge of −1.602 176 634 × 10 −19 coulombs, [80] which is used as a standard unit of charge for subatomic particles, and is also called the elementary charge. Within the limits of experimental accuracy, the electron charge is identical to the charge of a proton, but with the opposite sign. [83]
A quark (/ k w ɔːr k, k w ɑːr k /) is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter.Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei. [1]
The charge numbers for ions (and also subatomic particles) are written in superscript, e.g., Na + is a sodium ion with charge number positive one (an electric charge of one elementary charge). All particles of ordinary matter have integer-value charge numbers, with the exception of quarks, which cannot exist in isolation under ordinary ...