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Intestinal macrophages have been shown to play a role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). In a healthy gut, intestinal macrophages limit the inflammatory response in the gut, but in a disease-state, intestinal macrophage numbers and diversity are altered.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine, with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC) being the principal types. [3] Crohn's disease affects the small intestine and large intestine, as well as the mouth, esophagus, stomach and the anus, whereas UC primarily affects the colon ...
In psoriasis, AIM may contribute to the inflammatory environment by inhibiting macrophage apoptosis. In Crohn's disease, AIM secretion by active macrophages causes intestinal inflammation, aiding in distinguishing it from other intestinal diseases. Though AIM levels in Crohn's disease show no correlation with disease activity or clinical ...
In the intestinal tract the immune system must have tolerance to the normal intestinal flora, yet respond to pathogenic microorganisms. Imbalance of this causes inflammation diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease. [10] The lamina propria’s richness in macrophages and lymphoid cells makes it a key place for immune responses to occur.
Macrophage polarization is a process by which macrophages adopt different functional programs in response to the signals from their microenvironment. This ability is connected to their multiple roles in the organism: they are powerful effector cells of the innate immune system, but also important in removal of cellular debris, embryonic development and tissue repair.
MIP-1γ is another macrophage inflammatory protein and according to the new nomenclature is named CCL9. [3] It is produced mainly by follicle-associated epithelial cells and is responsible for chemotaxis of dendritic cells and macrophages into Peyer's patches in gut through binding of CCR1. [11] MIP-1δ or MIP-5 (CCL15) binds also CCR1 and CCR3 ...
Under healthy conditions macrophages engulf commensal bacteria and surrounding cellular debris, secrete IL-10, drive maturation of Treg and contribute to tissue homeostasis. Because of low expression of innate response receptors and co-stimulatory surface molecules, intestinal macrophages do not initiate inflammation.
They contribute to homeostasis and determine the future immune system settings, i.e. its susceptibility to infections and inflammatory diseases. [2] [3] For example, the B cell line in the intestinal mucosa is regulated by extracellular signals from commensal microbes that affect the intestinal immunoglobulin repertoire. [19]
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