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In humans, the MSTN gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 2 at position 32.2. [5] Myostatin (also known as growth differentiation factor 8, abbreviated GDF8) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSTN gene. [6] Myostatin is a myokine that is produced and released by myocytes and acts on muscle cells to inhibit muscle growth. [7]
Myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy is a rare genetic condition characterized by reduced body fat and increased skeletal muscle size. [1] Affected individuals have up to twice the usual amount of muscle mass in their bodies, but increases in muscle strength are not usually congruent. [ 2 ]
Myostatin, a TGF-beta superfamily member, is a negative regulator of muscle growth. [1] Myostatin binds to ACVR2B and to a lesser extent ACVR2A. In mice that were ACVR2A −/− ( null ) mutants there was an increase in all four muscle groups studied ( pectoralis , triceps , quadriceps , and gastrocnemious / plantaris muscles). [ 1 ]
The definition and use of the term myokine first occurred in 2003. [5] In 2008, the first myokine, myostatin, was identified. [4] [6] The gp130 receptor cytokine IL-6 (Interleukin 6) was the first myokine found to be secreted into the blood stream in response to muscle contractions.
Monoclonal antibodies have been developed that disable myostatin, including apitegromab, domagrozumab, landogrozumab, and stamulumab. [9] Another form of myostatin inhibition is gene therapy. [10] Another monoclonal antibody, bimagrumab, works as an antagonist of the ACVR2 and ACVR2B receptors, preventing myostatin and activin A from binding. [11]
10220 14561 Ensembl ENSG00000135414 ENSMUSG00000025352 UniProt O95390 Q9Z1W4 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_005811 NM_010272 RefSeq (protein) NP_005802 NP_034402 Location (UCSC) Chr 12: 55.74 – 55.76 Mb Chr 10: 128.72 – 128.73 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), also known as bone morphogenetic protein 11 (BMP-11), is a protein that in ...
Non-proliferative, quiescent myosatellite cells, which adjoin resting skeletal muscles, can be identified by their distinct location between sarcolemma and basal lamina, a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic volume ratio, few organelles (e.g. ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, golgi complexes), small nuclear size, and a large quantity of ...
The foundation line of breeding stock was first imported from Italy into Canada in 1979, and into the United States in the early 1980s. Piedmontese cattle are distinguished by a unique, [4] naturally occurring gene identified as the myostatin allele mutation, or inactive myostatin gene. [3] Myostatin prohibits muscle growth whereas an inactive ...