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It is measured by satellite as being 1.361 kilo watts per square meter (kW/m 2) at solar minimum (the time in the 11-year solar cycle when the number of sunspots is minimal) and approximately 0.1% greater (roughly 1.362 kW/m 2) at solar maximum. [1] The solar "constant" is not a physical constant in the modern CODATA scientific sense; that is ...
The average annual solar radiation arriving at the top of the Earth's atmosphere is about 1361 W/m 2. This represents the power per unit area of solar irradiance across the spherical surface surrounding the Sun with a radius equal to the distance to the Earth (1 AU).
Approximating Earth as a sphere, the cross-sectional area exposed to the Sun is equal to one quarter the area of the planet's surface (). The globally and annually averaged amount of solar irradiance per square meter of Earth's atmospheric surface ( I 0 {\textstyle I_{0}} ) is therefore equal to one quarter of TSI, and has a nearly constant ...
The solar constant is the amount of power that the Sun deposits per unit area that is directly exposed to sunlight. The solar constant is equal to approximately 1,368 W/m 2 (watts per square meter) at a distance of one astronomical unit (AU) from the Sun (that is, at or near Earth's orbit). [99]
Because the surface area of a sphere is four times the cross-sectional area of a sphere (i.e. the area of a circle), the globally and yearly averaged TOA flux is one quarter of the solar constant and so is approximately 340 watts per square meter (W/m 2).
The Proba-3 mission is the world’s first precision formation flying mission, requiring twin spacecraft to manoeuvre with a 1 millimetre level of accuracy as they orbit Earth.
The integral of solar irradiance over a time period is called "solar exposure" or "insolation". [4] [5] Average solar irradiance at the top of the Earth's atmosphere is roughly 1361 W/m 2, but at surface irradiance is approximately 1000 W/m 2 on a clear day.
Starbucks: Free coffee on Veterans Day. Veterans, service members and military spouses get a free tall 12-ounce brewed coffee (hot or iced) on Monday at participating Starbucks stores in the U.S ...