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The Richter scale [1] (/ ˈ r ɪ k t ər /), also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale, [2] is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg, and presented in Richter's landmark 1935 paper, where he called it the "magnitude scale". [3]
As the energy of a wave is proportional to A 1.5, where A denotes the amplitude, each unit of magnitude represents a 10 1.5 ≈ 32-fold increase in the seismic energy (strength) of an earthquake. [13] Second, Richter arbitrarily defined the zero point of the scale to be where an earthquake at a distance of 100 km makes a maximum horizontal ...
In 1902, Italian seismologist Giuseppe Mercalli, created the Mercalli Scale, a new 12-grade scale. Significant improvements were achieved, mainly by Charles Francis Richter during the 1950s, when (1) a correlation was found between seismic intensity and the Peak ground acceleration (PGA; see the equation that Richter found for California).
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Burud showed the b-value obtained from generalized logistic equation monotonically increases with damage and referred it as a damage compliant b-value. A new generalization was published using Bayesian statistical techniques, [19] from which an alternative form for parameter b of Gutenberg–Richter is presented. The model was applied to ...
Houses may shake intensely. Light damage possible to homes with low earthquake resistance. Light damage to older buildings with low earthquake resistance. Light damage possible to earthquake-resistant buildings. Unaffected 0.08–0.25 m/s 2: III–IV 4 3.5–4.4 Most people are frightened by the shaking. Some seek escape. Most sleepers are awoken.
Based on damage reports, the quake was assessed at VIII on the Mercalli intensity scale, [8] and is today thought to have been approximately 6.1 [2] or 6.4 [8] on the Richter scale. The earthquake caused two deaths and severe damage in Düren, two deaths and one serious injury in Cologne.
An unusual East Coast earthquake shook millions of people from New York and Philadelphia skyscrapers to rural New England on Friday, causing no widespread damage but startling an area unaccustomed ...