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  2. Reversible process (thermodynamics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_process...

    Thermodynamic processes can be carried out in one of two ways: reversibly or irreversibly. An ideal thermodynamically reversible process is free of dissipative losses and therefore the magnitude of work performed by or on the system would be maximized. The incomplete conversion of heat to work in a cyclic process, however, applies to both ...

  3. First law of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics

    The concept of internal energy is considered by Bailyn to be of "enormous interest". Its quantity cannot be immediately measured, but can only be inferred, by differencing actual immediate measurements. Bailyn likens it to the energy states of an atom, that were revealed by Bohr's energy relation hν = E n″ − E n ′. In each case, an ...

  4. Reversible reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_reaction

    A reversible reaction is a reaction in which the conversion of reactants to products and the conversion of products to reactants occur simultaneously. [1]+ + A and B can react to form C and D or, in the reverse reaction, C and D can react to form A and B.

  5. Irreversible process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreversible_process

    Irreversible adiabatic process: If the cylinder is a perfect insulator, the initial top-left state cannot be reached anymore after it is changed to the one on the top-right. Instead, the state on the bottom left is assumed when going back to the original pressure because energy is converted into heat.

  6. Thermodynamic free energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_free_energy

    In thermodynamics, the thermodynamic free energy is one of the state functions of a thermodynamic system (the others being internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, etc.).The change in the free energy is the maximum amount of work that the system can perform in a process at constant temperature, and its sign indicates whether the process is thermodynamically favorable or forbidden.

  7. Phosphorylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation

    Phosphorylation takes place in step 3, where fructose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. This reaction is catalyzed by phosphofructokinase. While phosphorylation is performed by ATPs during preparatory steps, phosphorylation during payoff phase is maintained by inorganic phosphate.

  8. Thermal efficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_efficiency

    They cannot do this task perfectly, so some of the input heat energy is not converted into work, but is dissipated as waste heat Q out < 0 into the surroundings: = | | + | | The thermal efficiency of a heat engine is the percentage of heat energy that is transformed into work. Thermal efficiency is defined as

  9. Protein phosphorylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_phosphorylation

    Model of a phosphorylated serine residue Serine in an amino acid chain, before and after phosphorylation.. Protein phosphorylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group.