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The Big Bang is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature. [1] The concept of an expanding universe was scientifically originated by physicist Alexander Friedmann in 1922 with the mathematical derivation of the Friedmann equations.
Diagram of evolution of the (observable part) of the universe from the Big Bang (left), the CMB-reference afterglow, to the present. For the purposes of this summary, it is convenient to divide the chronology of the universe since it originated, into five parts.
A graphical representation of the expansion of the universe from the Big Bang to the present day, with the inflationary epoch represented as the dramatic expansion seen on the left. This visualization shows only a section of the universe; the empty space outside the diagram should not be taken to represent empty space outside the universe ...
Big Bang and Hartle–Hawking State diagram. The Hartle–Hawking state, also known as the no-boundary wave function is a proposal in theoretical physics concerning the state of the universe prior to the Planck epoch. [1] [2] [3] It is named after James Hartle and Stephen Hawking.
In physical cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (also known as primordial nucleosynthesis, and abbreviated as BBN) [1] is a model for the production of light nuclei, deuterium, 3 He, 4 He, 7 Li, between 0.01s and 200s in the lifetime of the universe. [2]
The timeline in this schematic diagram extends from the Big Bang/inflation era 13.8 billion years ago to the present cosmological time. Observations show that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, such that the velocity at which a distant galaxy recedes from the observer is continuously increasing with time.
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The "Big Bang" scenario, with cosmic inflation and standard particle physics, is the only cosmological model consistent with the observed continuing expansion of space, the observed distribution of lighter elements in the universe (hydrogen, helium, and lithium), and the spatial texture of minute irregularities (anisotropies) in the CMB radiation.