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[2] [3] Mastoiditis is usually caused by untreated acute otitis media (middle ear infection) and used to be a leading cause of child mortality. With the development of antibiotics , however, mastoiditis has become quite rare in developed countries where surgical treatment is now much less frequent and more conservative, unlike former times.
Many problems can affect the nose, including: Deviated septum - a shifting of the wall that divides the nasal cavity into halves; Nasal polyps - soft growths that develop on the lining of the nose or sinuses; Nosebleeds; Rhinitis - inflammation of the nose and sinuses sometimes caused by allergies. The main symptom is a runny nose.
Two rows of teeth are supported by facial bones of the skull, the maxilla above and the mandible below. Adults have 32 permanent teeth, and children have 20 deciduous teeth. There are various tooth shapes for different jobs. For example, when chewing, the upper teeth work together with the lower teeth of the same shape to bite, chew, and tear food.
Problems with morphogenesis during embryonic development can lead to the mandibular fossa not forming. [2] This may be caused by mutations to SOX9 or ALK2. [2] If the mandibular fossa is very shallow, this can cause problems with the strength of the temporomandibular joint. [5] This can lead to easy subluxation of the joint and trismus (lock ...
The maxillary sinus can normally be seen above the level of the premolar and molar teeth in the upper jaw. This dental x-ray film shows how, in the absence of the second premolar and first molar, the sinus became pneumatized and expanded towards the crest of the alveolar process (location at which the bone meets the gum tissue).
The maxillary sinuses, the largest of the paranasal sinuses, are under the eyes, in the maxillary bones (open in the back of the semilunar hiatus of the nose). They are innervated by the maxillary nerve (CN V2). [2] The frontal sinuses, superior to the eyes, in the frontal bone, which forms the hard part of the forehead.
The teeth most likely affected are the maxillary anterior teeth, but all teeth can be affected. [95] The name for this type of caries comes from the fact that the decay usually is a result of allowing children to fall asleep with sweetened liquids in their bottles or feeding children sweetened liquids multiple times during the day.
The danger triangle of the face consists of the area from the corners of the mouth to the bridge of the nose, including the nose and maxilla. [1] [2]: 345–346 Due to the special nature of the blood supply to the human nose and surrounding area, it is possible for retrograde infection from the nasal area to spread to the brain, causing cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis, or brain abscess.